{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T09:09:58Z","timestamp":1779354598360,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"e-Century Publishing Corporation","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Transl Res"],"DOI":"10.62347\/hrcu4503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T03:53:17Z","timestamp":1777348397000},"page":"2964-2976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy and immune-inflammatory modulation of combined glucocorticoid and anti-tuberculosis therapy in patients with bronchial asthma and pulmonary tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.62347","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"48694","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2020.1772420","article-title":"Effects of physiotherapy treatment in patients with bronchial asthma: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Garagorri-Guti&#xE9","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garagorri-Guti&#xE9;rrez D and Leir&#xF3;s-Rodr&#xED;guez R. Effects of physiotherapy treatment in patients with bronchial asthma: a systematic review. Physiother Theory Pract 2022; 38: 493-503.","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-04206-x","article-title":"Dysbiosis associated with enhanced microbial mobility across the respiratory tract in pulmonary tuberculosis patients","volume":"25","author":"Qin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qin M, Ding W, Qin L, Liang R, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Xu H, Wen Y, Pang Y and Li L. Dysbiosis associated with enhanced microbial mobility across the respiratory tract in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. BMC Microbiol 2025; 25: 499.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sakai H, Tokuyasu H, Matsuoka S, Arai K, Esumi C and Yamasaki A. Tracheobronchial tuberculosis during treatment for bronchial asthma. Respirol Case Rep 2025; 13: e70314.","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.70314"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nahid P, Dorman SE, Alipanah N, Barry PM, Brozek JL, Cattamanchi A, Chaisson LH, Chaisson RE, Daley CL, Grzemska M, Higashi JM, Ho CS, Hopewell PC, Keshavjee SA, Lienhardt C, Menzies R, Merrifield C, Narita M, O&#x2019;Brien R, Peloquin CA, Raftery A, Saukkonen J, Schaaf HS, Sotgiu G, Starke JR, Migliori GB and Vernon A. Official American thoracic society\/centers for disease control and prevention\/infectious diseases society of America clinical practice guidelines: treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63: e147-e195.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw376"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4165969","DOI":"10.1155\/carm\/4165969","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar lavages combined with glucocorticoids in management of acute exogenous lipoid pneumonia: 3 case reports","volume":"2025","author":"Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang X, Wu M, Xue Q and Yu G. Bronchoalveolar lavages combined with glucocorticoids in management of acute exogenous lipoid pneumonia: 3 case reports. Case Rep Med 2025; 2025: 4165969.","journal-title":"Case Rep Med"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Suzuki K, Tanaka H, Fujishima T, Teramoto S, Kaneko S, Saikai T, Suzuki A, Takahashi Y, Honma H, Sugaya F and Abe S. A case of endobronchial tuberculosis associated with bronchial asthma treated with high doses of inhaled corticosteroid. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 2001; 39: 699-704."},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"Chinese Thoracic Society and Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the prevention and management of bronchial asthma (2024 edition). Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi 2025; 48: 208-248."},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis: Module 3: diagnosis - rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization 2021."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2025.102914","article-title":"Anti-tuberculosis therapy combined with ventriculoperitoneal shunt for tuberculous meningitis combined with hydrocephalus: a case report","volume":"18","author":"Sheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sheng C, Wang M, Bao Q, Guo W, Fu H, Li X, Zhang C and Xu K. Anti-tuberculosis therapy combined with ventriculoperitoneal shunt for tuberculous meningitis combined with hydrocephalus: a case report. J Infect Public Health 2025; 18: 102914.","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ferreira IBB, Menezes RC, Ara&#xFA;jo-Pereira M, Rolla VC, Kritski AL, Cordeiro-Santos M, Sterling TR, Staats C, Amorim G, Trajman A and Andrade BB; RePORT-Brazil Consortium. Effects of missed anti-tuberculosis therapy doses on treatment outcome: a multi-center cohort study. Lancet Reg Health Am 2025; 48: 101162.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5085551"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0380-1","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of budesonide\/formoterol, montelukast and N-acetylcysteine for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim SW, Rhee CK, Kim YJ, Lee S, Kim HJ and Lee JW. Therapeutic effect of budesonide\/formoterol, montelukast and N-acetylcysteine for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Respir Res 2016; 17: 63.","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2165\/11208620-000000000-00000","article-title":"Tiotropium bromide inhalation powder: a review of its use in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"72","author":"Keating","year":"2012","unstructured":"Keating GM. Tiotropium bromide inhalation powder: a review of its use in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Drugs 2012; 72: 273-300.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ram FS, Wellington S, Rowe BH and Wedzicha JA. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for treatment of respiratory failure due to severe acute exacerbations of asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 1: CD004360.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004360.pub2"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1590\/S1807-59322011000400005","article-title":"Trends and predictors of changes in pulmonary function after treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"66","author":"KP","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chung KP, Chen JY, Lee CH, Wu HD, Wang JY, Lee LN, Yu CJ and Yang PC; TAMI Group. Trends and predictors of changes in pulmonary function after treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66: 549-556.","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.09.008","article-title":"Development of the asthma control test: a survey for assessing asthma control","volume":"113","author":"Nathan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nathan RA, Sorkness CA, Kosinski M, Schatz M, Li JT, Marcus P, Murray JJ and Pendergraft TB. Development of the asthma control test: a survey for assessing asthma control. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 113: 59-65.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi YJ, Jang GC, Yang HJ, Kim HB, Yoo Y, Shin M, Lee SY, Kim J, Kim WK, Suh DI and Koh YY; Korean childhood Asthma RESearch (KAERS) Group. The Korean version of the test for respiratory and asthma control in kids (TRACK): reliability and validity. J Korean Med Sci 2019; 34: e25.","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2019.34.e25"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6707","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v11.i28.6707","article-title":"Research on the intelligent internet nursing model based on the child respiratory and asthma control test scale for asthma management of preschool children","volume":"11","author":"Pei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pei CF, Zhang L, Xu XY, Qin Z and Liang HM. Research on the intelligent internet nursing model based on the child respiratory and asthma control test scale for asthma management of preschool children. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11: 6707-6714.","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.47.2.76","article-title":"Evaluation of impairment of health related quality of life in asthma: development of a questionnaire for use in clinical trials","volume":"47","author":"Juniper","year":"1992","unstructured":"Juniper EF, Guyatt GH, Epstein RS, Ferrie PJ, Jaeschke R and Hiller TK. Evaluation of impairment of health related quality of life in asthma: development of a questionnaire for use in clinical trials. Thorax 1992; 47: 76-83.","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00289","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00289-2019","article-title":"Validation of online asthma control questionnaire and asthma quality of life questionnaire","volume":"6","author":"Khusial","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khusial RJ, Honkoop PJ, van der Meer V, Snoeck-Stroband JB and Sont JK. Validation of online asthma control questionnaire and asthma quality of life questionnaire. ERJ Open Res 2020; 6: 00289-2019.","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"N Bauer R, Yang X, L Staton T, Olsson J, Holweg CTJ, R Arron J, Matthews JG and Choy DF. Seasonal variability of lung function and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire Scores in adults with uncontrolled asthma. BMJ Open Respir Res 2019; 6: e000406.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2019-000406"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v10.i11.3389","article-title":"Added value of systemic inflammation markers for monitoring response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients","volume":"10","author":"ZR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ke ZR, Chen W, Li MX, Wu S, Jin LT and Wang TJ. Added value of systemic inflammation markers for monitoring response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10: 3389-3400.","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102735","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v16.i4.102735","article-title":"Pretreatment radiomic imaging features combined with immunological indicators to predict targeted combination immunotherapy response in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhang X, Luo QK, Fu Q, Liu P, Pan CJ, Liu CJ, Zhang HW and Qin T. Pretreatment radiomic imaging features combined with immunological indicators to predict targeted combination immunotherapy response in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Clin Oncol 2025; 16: 102735.","journal-title":"World J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00660-z","article-title":"Improvement cues of lesion absorption using the adjuvant therapy of traditional Chinese medicine Qinbudan tablet for retreatment pulmonary tuberculosis with standard anti-tuberculosis regimen","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang SY, Fu JY, Guo XY, Wu DZ, Zhang T, Li C, Qiu L, Shao CR, Xiao HP, Chu NH, Deng QY, Zhang X, Yan XF, Wang ZL, Zhang ZJ, Jiang X, Zheng YJ, Zheng PY, Zhang HY and Lu ZH. Improvement cues of lesion absorption using the adjuvant therapy of traditional Chinese medicine Qinbudan tablet for retreatment pulmonary tuberculosis with standard anti-tuberculosis regimen. Infect Dis Poverty 2020; 9: 50.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S268799","article-title":"The Value of the inhA mutation detection in predicting ethionamide resistance using melting curve technology","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2021","unstructured":"Song Y, Wang G, Li Q, Liu R, Ma L, Li Q and Gao M. The Value of the inhA mutation detection in predicting ethionamide resistance using melting curve technology. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14: 329-334.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nguyen-Ho L, Nguyen-Tiet A and Chang YS. Asthma and pulmonary tuberculosis: misdiagnosis or coexistence. Respirol Case Rep 2021; 9: e00797.","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.797"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4007","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14114007","article-title":"Oxidative stress and risk factors in adult patients with bronchial asthma: a clinical analysis of representative biomarkers","volume":"14","author":"Melinte","year":"2025","unstructured":"Melinte OE, Stavarache EI, Dobrin ME, Cernomaz AT, Cioroiu IB, Popa DR, Grosu-Creanga IA, Zabara Antal A and Trofor AC. Oxidative stress and risk factors in adult patients with bronchial asthma: a clinical analysis of representative biomarkers. J Clin Med 2025; 14: 4007.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luies L and du Preez I. The echo of pulmonary tuberculosis: mechanisms of clinical symptoms and other disease-induced systemic complications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020; 33: e00036-20.","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00036-20"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100238","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i5.100238","article-title":"Effect of Modulen vs budesonide on clinical response and mucosal healing in Crohn&#x2019;s patients","volume":"31","author":"Ovadia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ovadia B, Niv E, Stern Katie S, Mahajna E, Gal O and Kopelman Y. Effect of Modulen vs budesonide on clinical response and mucosal healing in Crohn&#x2019;s patients. World J Gastroenterol 2025; 31: 100238.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.15586\/aei.v51i4.876","article-title":"Effect of budesonide formoterol combined with tiotropium bromide on pulmonary function and inflammatory factors in patients with asthma-COPD overlap syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang T, Li P and Wang Y. Effect of budesonide formoterol combined with tiotropium bromide on pulmonary function and inflammatory factors in patients with asthma-COPD overlap syndrome. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2023; 51: 131-138.","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-021-2403-5","article-title":"Effects of medication use on small airway function and airway inflammation in patients with clinically controlled asthma","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Yu HY, Zhao KC, Ding XH, Huang Y, Hu SP and Nie HX. Effects of medication use on small airway function and airway inflammation in patients with clinically controlled asthma. Curr Med Sci 2021; 41: 722-728.","journal-title":"Curr Med Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2025.100542","article-title":"Effect of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation on ventilation dynamics and small airway dysfunction in people with post-tuberculosis lung disease","volume":"40","author":"IMPP","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fonseca IMPP, de Alegria SG, Oliveira JGM, Rodrigues TS, Chagas CAODS, Carneiro AS, Costa W, Santos AP, Mafort TT and Lopes AJ. Effect of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation on ventilation dynamics and small airway dysfunction in people with post-tuberculosis lung disease. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2025; 40: 100542.","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8966","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168966","article-title":"Glucocorticoid insensitivity in asthma: the unique role for airway smooth muscle cells","volume":"23","author":"Ramos-Ram&#xED","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramos-Ram&#xED;rez P and Tliba O. Glucocorticoid insensitivity in asthma: the unique role for airway smooth muscle cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23: 8966.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002771","article-title":"Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"136","author":"Gai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gai X, Allwood B and Sun Y. Post-tuberculosis lung disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136: 1923-1928.","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2400021","article-title":"Glucocorticoids suppress NF-&#x3BA;B-mediated neutrophil control of aspergillus fumigatus hyphal growth","volume":"213","author":"SU","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thrikawala SU, Anderson MH and Rosowski EE. Glucocorticoids suppress NF-&#x3BA;B-mediated neutrophil control of aspergillus fumigatus hyphal growth. J Immunol 2024; 213: 971-987.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S455872","article-title":"The effects of budesonide inhalation treatment on the expression levels of serum IL-6, TGF-&#x3B2;1, and IgE and pulmonary function in patients with cough variant asthma and an evaluation of treatment efficacy","volume":"17","author":"Niu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Niu Y, Cao M, Li S, Mo J, Zhu Z and Wang H. The effects of budesonide inhalation treatment on the expression levels of serum IL-6, TGF-&#x3B2;1, and IgE and pulmonary function in patients with cough variant asthma and an evaluation of treatment efficacy. Int J Gen Med 2024; 17: 1253-1261.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2023.2293069","article-title":"Giant lung cavity due to three different pathogens in a patient receiving inhaled salmeterol plus fluticasone propionate for asthma","volume":"61","author":"G&#xFC","year":"2024","unstructured":"G&#xFC;ner Z&#x131;r&#x131;h NM, Y&#x131;lmaz Kara B, &#xD6;zyurt S, Ok&#xE7;u O, &#x130;lgar T and &#x15E;ahin &#xDC;. Giant lung cavity due to three different pathogens in a patient receiving inhaled salmeterol plus fluticasone propionate for asthma. J Asthma 2024; 61: 643-648.","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10168","article-title":"Glucocorticoids upregulate CD40 ligand expression and induce CD40L-dependent immunoglobulin isotype switching","volume":"107","author":"HH","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jabara HH, Brodeur SR and Geha RS. Glucocorticoids upregulate CD40 ligand expression and induce CD40L-dependent immunoglobulin isotype switching. J Clin Invest 2001; 107: 371-378.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li X, Liang T, Dai B, Chang L, Zhang Y, Hu S, Guo J, Xu S, Zheng L, Yao H, Lian H, Nie Y, Li Y, He X, Yao Z, Tong W, Wang X, Chow DHK, Xu J and Qin L. Excess glucocorticoids inhibit murine bone turnover via modulating the immunometabolism of the skeletal microenvironment. J Clin Invest 2024; 134: e166795.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI166795"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2024.09.004","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rh1 regulates the immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma via the glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang XH, Fu YL, Xu YN, Zhang PC, Zheng TX, Ling CQ and Feng YL. Ginsenoside Rh1 regulates the immune microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma via the glucocorticoid receptor. J Integr Med 2024; 22: 709-718.","journal-title":"J Integr Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.41.7.11995","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tiotropium combined with budesonide\/formoterol in treating elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"41","author":"Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun F, Hu D, Liu W, Wang X, Liu X and Wulan T. Efficacy and safety of tiotropium combined with budesonide\/formoterol in treating elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pak J Med Sci 2025; 41: 2023-2029.","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Translational Research"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T08:28:30Z","timestamp":1779352110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/e-century.us\/files\/ajtr\/18\/4\/ajtr0171041.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62347\/hrcu4503","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-8141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-8141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}