{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T06:23:11Z","timestamp":1783664591567,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"e-Century Publishing Corporation","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Cancer Res"],"DOI":"10.62347\/spvk4847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T04:40:59Z","timestamp":1740544859000},"page":"601-617","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Overcoming challenges of recruiting cancer patients into clinical trials: insights from a randomized trial of app-based smoking cessation interventions"],"prefix":"10.62347","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Margarita","family":"Santiago-Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"48694","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.23.01030","article-title":"National estimates of the participation of patients with cancer in clinical research studies based on commission on cancer accreditation data","volume":"42","author":"Unger","year":"2024","unstructured":"Unger JM, Shulman LN, Facktor MA, Nelson H and Fleury ME. National estimates of the participation of patients with cancer in clinical research studies based on commission on cancer accreditation data. J Clin Oncol 2024; 42: 2139-2148.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djy221","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the magnitude of structural, clinical, and physician and patient barriers to cancer clinical trial participation","volume":"111","author":"Unger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Unger JM, Vaidya R, Hershman DL, Minasian LM and Fleury ME. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the magnitude of structural, clinical, and physician and patient barriers to cancer clinical trial participation. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 111: 245-255.","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Unger JM. A ground’s-eye view on racial and ethnic disparities in cancer clinical trial participation. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6: e2322436.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.22436"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pittell H, Calip GS, Pierre A, Ryals CA, Altomare I, Royce TJ and Guadamuz JS. Racial and ethnic inequities in US oncology clinical trial participation from 2017 to 2022. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6: e2322515.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.22515"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1353\/ken.2011.0002","article-title":"Early stopping of clinical trials: charting the ethical terrain","volume":"21","author":"Malmqvist","year":"2011","unstructured":"Malmqvist E, Juth N, Lynoe N and Helgesson G. Early stopping of clinical trials: charting the ethical terrain. Kennedy Inst Ethics J 2011; 21: 51-78.","journal-title":"Kennedy Inst Ethics J"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.6.1728","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of cancer clinical trial accrual patterns: identifying potential barriers to enrollment","volume":"19","author":"PN","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lara PN, Jr., Higdon R, Lim N, Kwan K, Tanaka M, Lau DH, Wun T, Welborn J, Meyers FJ, Christensen S, O’Donnell R, Richman C, Scudder SA, Tuscano J, Gandara DR and Lam KS. Prospective evaluation of cancer clinical trial accrual patterns: identifying potential barriers to enrollment. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1728-1733.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.07.016","article-title":"A systematic review of discontinued trials suggested that most reasons for recruitment failure were preventable","volume":"80","author":"Briel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Briel M, Olu KK, von Elm E, Kasenda B, Alturki R, Agarwal A, Bhatnagar N and Schandelmaier S. A systematic review of discontinued trials suggested that most reasons for recruitment failure were preventable. J Clin Epidemiol 2016; 80: 8-15.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774514558307","article-title":"Unsuccessful trial accrual and human subjects protections: an empirical analysis of recently closed trials","volume":"12","author":"Carlisle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carlisle B, Kimmelman J, Ramsay T and MacKinnon N. Unsuccessful trial accrual and human subjects protections: an empirical analysis of recently closed trials. Clin Trials 2015; 12: 77-83.","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5517","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5385","article-title":"Early termination of oncology clinical trials in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang E and DuBois SG. Early termination of oncology clinical trials in the United States. Cancer Med 2023; 12: 5517-5525.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bennette CS, Ramsey SD, McDermott CL, Carlson JJ, Basu A and Veenstra DL. Predicting low accrual in the National Cancer Institute’s cooperative group clinical trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 108: djv324.","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv324"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Loree JM, Anand S, Dasari A, Unger JM, Gothwal A, Ellis LM, Varadhachary G, Kopetz S, Overman MJ and Raghav K. Disparity of race reporting and representation in clinical trials leading to cancer drug approvals from 2008 to 2018. JAMA Oncol 2019; 5: e191870.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.1870"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5150","article-title":"Increasing patient participation in oncology clinical trials","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen J, Lu Y and Kummar S. Increasing patient participation in oncology clinical trials. Cancer Med 2023; 12: 2219-2226.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Minasian LM and Unger JM. What keeps patients out of clinical trials? JCO Oncol Pract 2020; 16: 125-127.","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.19.00735"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-022-00528-4","article-title":"Using social media for patient-driven cancer research","volume":"23","author":"Manochakian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manochakian R and Dizon DS. Using social media for patient-driven cancer research. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23: 1-2.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. Internet Health Resources. URL https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2003\/07\/16\/internet-health-resources\/. Accessed September 30, 2024. 2003."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sedrak MS, Sun CL, Hershman DL, Unger JM, Liu J, Dale W and Dizon DS. Investigator use of social media for recruitment of patients for cancer clinical trials. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3: e2031202.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.31202"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2011.02.005","article-title":"Increasing minority patient participation in cancer clinical trials using oncology nurse navigation","volume":"203","author":"Holmes","year":"2012","unstructured":"Holmes DR, Major J, Lyonga DE, Alleyne RS and Clayton SM. Increasing minority patient participation in cancer clinical trials using oncology nurse navigation. Am J Surg 2012; 203: 415-422.","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michaels M, Weiss ES, Sae-Hau M, Illei D, Lilly B, Szumita L, Connell B, Lee M, Cooks E and McPheeters M. Strategies for increasing accrual in cancer clinical trials: what is the evidence? Cancer Med 2024; 13: e7298.","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.7298"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1200\/OP.23.00117","article-title":"Enhancing efficiency and reach using facebook to recruit breast cancer survivors for a telephone-based supportive care randomized trial during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"19","author":"Ejem","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ejem DB, Wechsler S, Gallups S, Khalidi S, Coffee-Dunning J, Montgomery AP, Stevens CJ, Keene K, Rocque GB, Chamberlin M, Hegel MT, Azuero A, Pisu M, Ellis D, Ingram SA, Lawhon VM, Gilbert T, Morrissette K, Morency J, Thorp K, Codini M, Newman R, Echols J, Cloyd D, Dos Anjos S, Muse C, Goedeken S, Laws KE, Herbert J, Bakitas M and Lyons KD. Enhancing efficiency and reach using facebook to recruit breast cancer survivors for a telephone-based supportive care randomized trial during the COVID-19 pandemic. JCO Oncol Pract 2023; 19: 1020-1030.","journal-title":"JCO Oncol Pract"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntae049","article-title":"In-clinic versus online recruitment of women with a history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical cancer to a smoking cessation trial: a post hoc comparison of participant characteristics, study retention, and cessation outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Fennell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fennell BS, Jones SR, Sutton SK, Hoogland CE, Cottrell-Daniels C, Wetter DW, Shih YT, Simmons VN, Stephens YP, Vidrine DJ and Vidrine JI. In-clinic versus online recruitment of women with a history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical cancer to a smoking cessation trial: a post hoc comparison of participant characteristics, study retention, and cessation outcomes. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26: 1264-1270.","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Watson NL, Mull KE, Heffner JL, McClure JB and Bricker JB. Participant recruitment and retention in remote eHealth intervention trials: methods and lessons learned from a large randomized controlled trial of two web-based smoking interventions. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20: e10351.","DOI":"10.2196\/10351"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.05.004","article-title":"Overcoming recruitment challenges of web-based interventions for tobacco use: the case of web-based acceptance and commitment therapy for smoking cessation","volume":"38","author":"Heffner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heffner JL, Wyszynski CM, Comstock B, Mercer LD and Bricker J. Overcoming recruitment challenges of web-based interventions for tobacco use: the case of web-based acceptance and commitment therapy for smoking cessation. Addict Behav 2013; 38: 2473-2476.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2023.107180","article-title":"Efficacy of smartphone applications to help cancer patients quit smoking: protocol of the Quit2Heal randomized controlled trial","volume":"129","author":"Bricker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bricker JB, Westmaas JL, Ostroff JS, Mull KE, Sullivan BM and Santiago-Torres M. Efficacy of smartphone applications to help cancer patients quit smoking: protocol of the Quit2Heal randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 129: 107180.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","unstructured":"Radloff LS. The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977; 1: 385-401.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Meas"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB and Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 1092-1097.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/. Accessed April 16, 2024. 2023."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"S. J. Heinzen E, Atkinson E, Gunderson T and Dougherty G. _arsenal: an arsenal of ‘R’ functions for large-scale statistical summaries_. Version 3.6.3. URL <https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=arsenal>. Accessed May 1, 2024. 2021."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rozzi GC. zipcodeR: advancing the analysis of spatial data at the ZIP code level in R. Software Impacts 2021; 9.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpa.2021.100099"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wickham H. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774517745829","article-title":"Use of online recruitment strategies in a randomized trial of cancer survivors","volume":"15","author":"Juraschek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Juraschek SP, Plante TB, Charleston J, Miller ER, Yeh HC, Appel LJ, Jerome GJ, Gayles D, Durkin N, White K, Dalcin A and Hermosilla M. Use of online recruitment strategies in a randomized trial of cancer survivors. Clin Trials 2018; 15: 130-138.","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Darmawan I, Bakker C, Brockman TA, Patten CA and Eder M. The role of social media in enhancing clinical trial recruitment: scoping review. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22: e22810.","DOI":"10.2196\/22810"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.14581","article-title":"Effect of sustained smoking cessation counseling and provision of medication vs shorter-term counseling and medication advice on smoking abstinence in patients recently diagnosed with cancer: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"ER","year":"2020","unstructured":"Park ER, Perez GK, Regan S, Muzikansky A, Levy DE, Temel JS, Rigotti NA, Pirl WF, Irwin KE, Partridge AH, Cooley ME, Friedman ER, Rabin J, Ponzani C, Hyland KA, Holland S, Borderud S, Sprunck K, Kwon D, Peterson L, Miller-Sobel J, Gonzalez I, Whitlock CW, Malloy L, de Leon-Sanchez S, O’Brien M and Ostroff JS. Effect of sustained smoking cessation counseling and provision of medication vs shorter-term counseling and medication advice on smoking abstinence in patients recently diagnosed with cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2020; 324: 1406-1418.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.45.4553","article-title":"Patient income level and cancer clinical trial participation","volume":"31","author":"Unger","year":"2013","unstructured":"Unger JM, Hershman DL, Albain KS, Moinpour CM, Petersen JA, Burg K and Crowley JJ. Patient income level and cancer clinical trial participation. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31: 536-542.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute. Cancer Trends Progress Report. National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD. URL https:\/\/progressreport.cancer.gov. Accessed November 6, 2024. 2024."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14127","article-title":"gov","volume":"113","author":"Bricker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bricker JB, Mull KE, McClure JB, Watson NL and Heffner JL. Improving quit rates of web-delivered interventions for smoking cessation: full-scale randomized trial of WebQuit.org versus Smokefree.gov. Addiction 2018; 113: 914-923.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.4055","article-title":"Efficacy of smartphone applications for smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"180","author":"Bricker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bricker JB, Watson NL, Mull KE, Sullivan BM and Heffner JL. Efficacy of smartphone applications for smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2020; 180: 1472-1480.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. Social Media Use in 2021. URL https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2021\/04\/07\/social-media-use-in-2021\/. Accessed September 16, 2024. 2021."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.22.2720","article-title":"Participation in cancer clinical trials: race-, sex-, and age-based disparities","volume":"291","author":"VH","year":"2004","unstructured":"Murthy VH, Krumholz HM and Gross CP. Participation in cancer clinical trials: race-, sex-, and age-based disparities. JAMA 2004; 291: 2720-2726.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15857-8","article-title":"Leveraging social media to increase lung cancer screening awareness, knowledge and uptake among high-risk populations (the INSPIRE-lung study): study protocol of design and methods of a community-based randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Carter-Bawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carter-Bawa L, Banerjee SC, Comer RS, Kale MS, King JC, Leopold KT, Monahan PO, Ostroff JS, Slaven JE Jr, Valenzona F, Wiener RS and Rawl SM. Leveraging social media to increase lung cancer screening awareness, knowledge and uptake among high-risk populations (the INSPIRE-lung study): study protocol of design and methods of a community-based randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2023; 23: 975.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Cancer Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/e-century.us\/files\/ajcr\/15\/2\/ajcr0162027.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T01:58:56Z","timestamp":1766023136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/e-century.us\/files\/ajcr\/15\/2\/ajcr0162027.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62347\/spvk4847","relation":{},"ISSN":["2156-6976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2156-6976","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}