{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:41:22Z","timestamp":1787751682220,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"e-Century Publishing Corporation","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Transl Res"],"DOI":"10.62347\/thme3127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T04:23:26Z","timestamp":1749183806000},"page":"3889-3897","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Functional electrical stimulation enhances motor control in stroke rehabilitation"],"prefix":"10.62347","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yingjiao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"48694","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00685-8","article-title":"Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022-2050: a forecasting analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","author":"2021 Forecasting Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Forecasting Collaborators. Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022-2050: a forecasting analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet 2024; 403: 2204-2256.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.09.012","article-title":"Current advances in ischemic stroke research and therapies","volume":"1866","author":"Barthels","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barthels D and Das H. Current advances in ischemic stroke research and therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866: 165260.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.314574","article-title":"Post-stroke movement disorders: clinical spectrum, pathogenesis, and management","volume":"69","author":"Tater","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tater P and Pandey S. Post-stroke movement disorders: clinical spectrum, pathogenesis, and management. Neurol India 2021; 69: 272-283.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.5070","article-title":"Neuronal injuries in cerebral infarction and ischemic stroke: from mechanisms to treatment (Review)","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Zhang X, Chen X and Wei Y. Neuronal injuries in cerebral infarction and ischemic stroke: from mechanisms to treatment (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 49: 15.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041409","article-title":"Usability of functional electrical stimulation in upper limb rehabilitation in post-stroke patients: a narrative review","volume":"22","author":"Sousa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sousa ASP, Moreira J, Silva C, Mesquita I, Macedo R, Silva A and Santos R. Usability of functional electrical stimulation in upper limb rehabilitation in post-stroke patients: a narrative review. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22: 1409.","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S262596","article-title":"Effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on post-stroke dysphagia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Alamer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alamer A, Melese H and Nigussie F. Effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on post-stroke dysphagia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Clin Interv Aging 2020; 15: 1521-1531.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jaqueline DCM, Rech KD, Salazar AP and Pagnussat AS. Functional electrical stimulation of the peroneal nerve improves post-stroke gait speed when combined with physiotherapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2021; 64: 101388.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2020.03.012"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000347","article-title":"A clinical practice guideline for the use of ankle-foot orthoses and functional electrical stimulation post-stroke","volume":"45","author":"Johnston","year":"2021","unstructured":"Johnston TE, Keller S, Denzer-Weiler C and Brown L. A clinical practice guideline for the use of ankle-foot orthoses and functional electrical stimulation post-stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther 2021; 45: 112-196.","journal-title":"J Neurol Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-022-00776-9","article-title":"Management of hypertensive crisis: british and irish hypertension society position document","volume":"37","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kulkarni S, Glover M, Kapil V, Abrams SML, Partridge S, McCormack T, Sever P, Delles C and Wilkinson IB. Management of hypertensive crisis: british and irish hypertension society position document. J Hum Hypertens 2023; 37: 863-879.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94108-5","article-title":"Pendulum test in chronic hemiplegic stroke population: additional ambulatory information beyond spasticity","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang YD, Li W, Chou YL, Hung ES and Kang JH. Pendulum test in chronic hemiplegic stroke population: additional ambulatory information beyond spasticity. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 14769.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-023-01116-9","article-title":"The concepts of muscle activity generation driven by upper limb kinematics","volume":"22","author":"MD","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schmidt MD, Glasmachers T and Iossifidis I. The concepts of muscle activity generation driven by upper limb kinematics. Biomed Eng Online 2023; 22: 63.","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11010012","article-title":"Effect of 3-dimensional robotic therapy combined with electromyography-triggered neuromuscular electrical stimulation on upper limb function and cerebral cortex activation in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"SW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang SW, Ma SR and Choi JB. Effect of 3-dimensional robotic therapy combined with electromyography-triggered neuromuscular electrical stimulation on upper limb function and cerebral cortex activation in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 11: 12.","journal-title":"Bioengineering (Basel)"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88607-8","article-title":"A randomised clinical trial comparing 35 Hz versus 50 Hz frequency stimulation effects on hand motor recovery in older adults after stroke","volume":"11","author":"Sentandreu-Ma&#xF1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sentandreu-Mañó T, Tomás JM and Ricardo Salom Terrádez J. A randomised clinical trial comparing 35 Hz versus 50 Hz frequency stimulation effects on hand motor recovery in older adults after stroke. Sci Rep 2021; 11: 9131.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.01.013","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation improves activity after stroke: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Howlett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Howlett OA, Lannin NA, Ada L and Mckinstry C. Functional electrical stimulation improves activity after stroke: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 96: 934-43.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-022-01061-z","article-title":"Fused ultrasound and electromyography-driven neuromuscular model to improve plantarflexion moment prediction across walking speeds","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Fragnito N, Franz JR and Sharma N. Fused ultrasound and electromyography-driven neuromuscular model to improve plantarflexion moment prediction across walking speeds. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2022; 19: 86.","journal-title":"J Neuroeng Rehabil"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R SG, Arulneyam J, J V and Manikandan M. Arm length-does it influence late response in a nerve conduction study? J Lab Physicians 2023; 15: 493-497.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-57229"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1990.tb03311.x","article-title":"Analysis of F response in upper motoneurone lesions","volume":"82","author":"Fierro","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fierro B, Raimondo D and Modica A. Analysis of F response in upper motoneurone lesions. Acta Neurol Scand 1990; 82: 329-334.","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang L, Liu J and Liu M. Transsynaptic degeneration of ventral horn motor neurons exists but plays a minor role in lower motor system dysfunction in acute ischemic rats. PLoS One 2024; 19: e0298006.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298006"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04936-y","article-title":"Amplitude and velocity dependence of patellar pendulum triggered by T reflex in parkinson’s rigidity","volume":"42","author":"Uslu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uslu S, Gürbüz M, Kızılay F, Özkaynak S, Nüzket T and Uysal H. Amplitude and velocity dependence of patellar pendulum triggered by T reflex in parkinson’s rigidity. Neurol Sci 2021; 42: 3257-3266.","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sleutjes BTHM, Stikvoort García DJL, van Doorn PA, Goedee HS and van den Berg LH. Simulating progressive motor neuron degeneration and collateral reinnervation in motor neuron diseases using a dynamic muscle model based on human single motor unit recordings. J Neural Eng 2023; 20.","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/acfe9d"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-022-05119-7","article-title":"Revisiting the use of Hoffmann reflex in motor control research on humans","volume":"123","author":"Theodosiadou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Theodosiadou A, Henry M, Duchateau J and Baudry S. Revisiting the use of Hoffmann reflex in motor control research on humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123: 695-710.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-022-06399-3","article-title":"Soleus H-reflex modulation in cerebral palsy and its relationship with neural control complexity: a pilot study","volume":"240","author":"Conner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Conner BC, Spomer AM, Bishe S, Steele KM and Lerner ZF. Soleus H-reflex modulation in cerebral palsy and its relationship with neural control complexity: a pilot study. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240: 2073-2084.","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736067","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.736067","article-title":"Endurance trained athletes do not per se have higher hoffmann reflexes than recreationally active controls","volume":"12","author":"Bertschinger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bertschinger R, Giboin LS and Gruber M. Endurance trained athletes do not per se have higher hoffmann reflexes than recreationally active controls. Front Physiol 2021; 12: 736067.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1963.00460060021002","article-title":"The h reflex in normal, spastic, and rigid subjects","volume":"9","author":"Angel","year":"1963","unstructured":"Angel RW and Hofmann WW. The h reflex in normal, spastic, and rigid subjects. Arch Neurol 1963; 9: 591-596.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058663","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2022.1058663","article-title":"Neurophysiological and clinical outcome measures of the impact of electrical stimulation on spasticity in spinal cord injury: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Massey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Massey S, Vanhoestenberghe A and Duffell L. Neurophysiological and clinical outcome measures of the impact of electrical stimulation on spasticity in spinal cord injury: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Rehabil Sci 2022; 3: 1058663.","journal-title":"Front Rehabil Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2021.07.010","article-title":"Effects of ankle continuous passive motion on soleus hypertonia in individuals with cerebral palsy: a case series","volume":"45","author":"Chuang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chuang LL, Chuang YF, Ju YJ, Hsu AL, Chen CL, Wong AMK and Chang YJ. Effects of ankle continuous passive motion on soleus hypertonia in individuals with cerebral palsy: a case series. Biomed J 2022; 45: 708-716.","journal-title":"Biomed J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100042554","article-title":"A comparison of methods to assess the excitability of lower motoneurones","volume":"19","author":"Milanov","year":"1992","unstructured":"Milanov IG. A comparison of methods to assess the excitability of lower motoneurones. Can J Neurol Sci 1992; 19: 64-68.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674139","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.674139","article-title":"Influence of visual stimulation-induced passive reproduction of motor images in the brain on motor paralysis after stroke","volume":"15","author":"Aoyama","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aoyama T, Kanazawa A, Kohno Y, Watanabe S, Tomita K and Kaneko F. Influence of visual stimulation-induced passive reproduction of motor images in the brain on motor paralysis after stroke. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15: 674139.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint14020035","article-title":"Alternative options for complex, recurrent pain states using cannabinoids, psilocybin, and ketamine: a narrative review of clinical evidence","volume":"14","author":"Edinoff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Edinoff AN, Fort JM, Singh C, Wagner SE, Rodriguez JR, Johnson CA, Cornett EM, Murnane KS, Kaye AM and Kaye AD. Alternative options for complex, recurrent pain states using cannabinoids, psilocybin, and ketamine: a narrative review of clinical evidence. Neurol Int 2022; 14: 423-436.","journal-title":"Neurol Int"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.23880","article-title":"Increased H(max):M(max) ratio in community walkers poststroke without increase in ankle plantarflexion during walking","volume":"82","author":"Garrett","year":"2001","unstructured":"Garrett M and Caulfield B. Increased H(max):M(max) ratio in community walkers poststroke without increase in ankle plantarflexion during walking. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82: 1066-1072.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.32481\/djph.2023.08.013","article-title":"The effects of stroke and stroke gait rehabilitation on behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes:: challenges and opportunities for future research","volume":"9","author":"Kesar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kesar T. The effects of stroke and stroke gait rehabilitation on behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes:: challenges and opportunities for future research. Dela J Public Health 2023; 9: 76-81.","journal-title":"Dela J Public Health"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771392","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.771392","article-title":"Indices of loading and propulsive ability in the gait of patients with chronic stroke with equinus foot deviation: a correlation study","volume":"15","author":"Mazzoli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mazzoli D, Basini G, Prati P, Galletti M, Mascioli F, Rambelli C, Zerbinati P, Campanini I and Merlo A. Indices of loading and propulsive ability in the gait of patients with chronic stroke with equinus foot deviation: a correlation study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15: 771392.","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Campanini I, Bò MC, Bassi MC, Damiano B, Scaltriti S, Lusuardi M and Merlo A. Outcome measures for assessing the effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions on equinus foot deformity in post-stroke patients with triceps surae spasticity: a scoping review. PLoS One 2023; 18: e0287220.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287220"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2020.12.002","article-title":"Intra- and inter-rater reliability of fugl-meyer assessment of lower extremity early after stroke","volume":"25","author":"Hern&#xE1","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hernández ED, Forero SM, Galeano CP, Barbosa NE, Sunnerhagen KS and Alt Murphy M. Intra- and inter-rater reliability of fugl-meyer assessment of lower extremity early after stroke. Braz J Phys Ther 2021; 25: 709-718.","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-210289","article-title":"The development of ambulation independence measure: a new measurement tool to assess gait ability in acute stroke patients","volume":"50","author":"Hayashi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hayashi Y, Yamazaki K, Takeda K, Ueda S, Mikawa S, Hatori K, Honaga K, Takakura T, Hayashi A and Fujiwara T. The development of ambulation independence measure: a new measurement tool to assess gait ability in acute stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation 2022; 50: 409-416.","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2021.07.009","article-title":"Prognostic factors of functional outcome in post-acute stroke in the rehabilitation unit - ScienceDirect","volume":"121","author":"WC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen WC, Hsiao MY and Wang TG. Prognostic factors of functional outcome in post-acute stroke in the rehabilitation unit - ScienceDirect. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 2022; 121: 670-678.","journal-title":"Journal of the Formosan Medical Association"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8962","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18178962","article-title":"Current update on the clinical utility of MMSE and MoCA for stroke patients in asia: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Khaw","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khaw J, Subramaniam P, Aziz NAA, Raymond AA, Zaidi WAW and Ghazali SE. Current update on the clinical utility of MMSE and MoCA for stroke patients in asia: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 8962.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Translational Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/e-century.us\/files\/ajtr\/17\/5\/ajtr0162010.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T07:46:45Z","timestamp":1768981605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/e-century.us\/files\/ajtr\/17\/5\/ajtr0162010.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62347\/thme3127","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-8141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-8141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}