{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T17:56:34Z","timestamp":1776275794748,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"e-Century Publishing Corporation","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Am J Cancer Res"],"DOI":"10.62347\/zuua2691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T05:43:10Z","timestamp":1746510190000},"page":"1820-1828","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association between immune checkpoint inhibitors and cardiovascular risks: a nationwide self-controlled case series study"],"prefix":"10.62347","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wei-Ting","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"48694","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-021-09976-0","article-title":"Inhibitors of immune checkpoints-PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4-new opportunities for cancer patients and a new challenge for internists and general practitioners","volume":"40","author":"Wojtukiewicz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wojtukiewicz MZ, Rek MM, Karpowicz K, Gorska M, Politynska B, Wojtukiewicz AM, Moniuszko M, Radziwon P, Tucker SC and Honn KV. Inhibitors of immune checkpoints-PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4-new opportunities for cancer patients and a new challenge for internists and general practitioners. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40: 949-982.","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-02902-0","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): potential, mechanisms of resistance, and strategies for reinvigorating T cell responsiveness when resistance is acquired","volume":"23","author":"Marei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marei HE, Hasan A, Pozzoli G and Cenciarelli C. Cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs): potential, mechanisms of resistance, and strategies for reinvigorating T cell responsiveness when resistance is acquired. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23: 64.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"Zhang C, Chen Z, Mo C, Gao D, Zhu Y, Qin S and Zuo Z. Real-world cardiovascular toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients: a retrospective controlled cohort study. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11: 6074-6085."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2023.102334","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factor reporting in immune checkpoint inhibitor trials: a systematic review","volume":"83","author":"Tan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tan S, Sivakumar S, Segelov E, Nicholls SJ and Nelson AJ. Cardiovascular risk factor reporting in immune checkpoint inhibitor trials: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol 2023; 83: 102334.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Chen Z, Song W, Xu Y, Zhao Z, Sun Y, Wang Y, Geng X, Zhao J, Zhang X, Xu Y, Chan JSK, Tse G, Li G, Hong L and Liu T. Cardiovascular adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a retrospective multicenter cohort study. Cancer Med 2024; 13: e7233.","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.7233"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Power JR, Dolladille C, Ozbay B, Procureur AM, Ederhy S, Palaskas NL, Lehmann LH, Cautela J, Courand PY, Hayek SS, Zhu H, Zaha VG, Cheng RK, Alexandre J, Roubille F, Baldassarre LA, Chen YC, Baik AH, Laufer-Perl M, Tamura Y, Asnani A, Francis S, Gaughan EM, Rainer PP, Bailly G, Flint D, Arangalage D, Cariou E, Florido R, Narezkina A, Liu Y, Sandhu S, Leong D, Issa N, Piriou N, Heinzerling L, Peretto G, Crusz SM, Akhter N, Levenson JE, Turker I, Eslami A, Fenioux C, Moliner P, Obeid M, Chan WT, Ewer SM, Kassaian SE; International ICI-Myocarditis Registry; Johnson DB, Nohria A, Zadok OIB, Moslehi JJ and Salem JE. Predictors and risk score for immune checkpoint-inhibitor-associated myocarditis severity. medRxiv [Preprint] 2024; 2024.06.02.24308336.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.02.24308336"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2023.10.008","article-title":"Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan S, Spear E, Sane N, Chan J, Nelson AJ, Alamgeer M, Nerlekar N, Segelov E and Nicholls SJ. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a retrospective cohort study. Heart Lung Circ 2024; 33: 721-729.","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18531","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.6455","article-title":"Association of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy with arterial thromboembolic events in cancer patients: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu J, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, Wang Y, Lu Z, Zhang Y, Lei H, Li D, Long B and Liu H. Association of immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy with arterial thromboembolic events in cancer patients: a retrospective cohort study. Cancer Med 2023; 12: 18531-18541.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malaty MM, Amarasekera AT, Li C, Scherrer-Crosbie M and Tan TC. Incidence of immune checkpoint inhibitor mediated cardiovascular toxicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52: e13831.","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13831"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10040540","article-title":"Exploring the mechanisms underlying the cardiotoxic effects of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies","volume":"10","author":"Ronen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ronen D, Bsoul A, Lotem M, Abedat S, Yarkoni M, Amir O and Asleh R. Exploring the mechanisms underlying the cardiotoxic effects of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10: 540.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"van Daalen KR, Zhang D, Kaptoge S, Paige E, Di Angelantonio E and Pennells L. Risk estimation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: considerations for appropriate risk prediction model selection. Lancet Glob Health 2024; 12: e1343-e1358.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00210-9"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6197","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9179","article-title":"Avoiding bias in self-controlled case series studies of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"40","author":"Fonseca-Rodriguez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fonseca-Rodriguez O, Fors Connolly AM, Katsoularis I, Lindmark K and Farrington P. Avoiding bias in self-controlled case series studies of coronavirus disease 2019. Stat Med 2021; 40: 6197-6208.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bots SH, Brown J, Wong AYS, Martin I, Douglas I, Klungel OH and Schultze A. Core concepts: self-controlled designs in pharmacoepidemiology. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2025; 34: e70071.","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.70071"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9541","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5729","article-title":"Association between immune checkpoint inhibitors and myocardial infarction in Asians: a population-based self-controlled case series","volume":"12","author":"Chan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan JSK, Tang P, Lee TTL, Chou OHI, Lee YHA, Li G, Leung FP, Wong WT, Liu T and Tse G. Association between immune checkpoint inhibitors and myocardial infarction in Asians: a population-based self-controlled case series. Cancer Med 2023; 12: 9541-9546.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.5227","article-title":"Control yourself: ISPE-endorsed guidance in the application of self-controlled study designs in pharmacoepidemiology","volume":"30","author":"Cadarette","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cadarette SM, Maclure M, Delaney JAC, Whitaker HJ, Hayes KN, Wang SV, Tadrous M, Gagne JJ, Consiglio GP and Hallas J. Control yourself: ISPE-endorsed guidance in the application of self-controlled study designs in pharmacoepidemiology. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2021; 30: 671-684.","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.10033","article-title":"Estimation and reduction of bias in self-controlled case series with non-rare event dependent outcomes and heterogeneous populations","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee KM and Cheung YB. Estimation and reduction of bias in self-controlled case series with non-rare event dependent outcomes and heterogeneous populations. Stat Med 2024; 43: 1955-1972.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40959-021-00097-9","article-title":"Newly diagnosed cardiovascular disease in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a retrospective analysis of patients at an academic tertiary care center","volume":"7","author":"Waheed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Waheed N, Fradley MG, DeRemer DL, Mahmoud A, Shah CP, Langaee TY, Lipori GP, March K, Pepine CJ, Cooper-DeHoff RM, Wu Y and Gong Y. Newly diagnosed cardiovascular disease in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a retrospective analysis of patients at an academic tertiary care center. Cardiooncology 2021; 7: 10.","journal-title":"Cardiooncology"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gong J, Drobni ZD, Zafar A, Quinaglia T, Hartmann S, Gilman HK, Raghu VK, Gongora C, Sise ME, Alvi RM, Zubiri L, Nohria A, Sullivan R, Reynolds KL, Zlotoff D and Neilan TG. Pericardial disease in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9: e002771.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002771"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.049981","article-title":"Association between immune checkpoint inhibitors with cardiovascular events and atherosclerotic plaque","volume":"142","author":"Drobni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Drobni ZD, Alvi RM, Taron J, Zafar A, Murphy SP, Rambarat PK, Mosarla RC, Lee C, Zlotoff DA, Raghu VK, Hartmann SE, Gilman HK, Gong J, Zubiri L, Sullivan RJ, Reynolds KL, Mayrhofer T, Zhang L, Hoffmann U and Neilan TG. Association between immune checkpoint inhibitors with cardiovascular events and atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation 2020; 142: 2299-2311.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyac150","article-title":"The incidence and risk of cardiovascular events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in Asian populations","volume":"52","author":"Chiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chiang CH, Chiang CH, Ma KS, Hsia YP, Lee YW, Wu HR, Chiang CH, Peng CY, Wei JC, Shiah HS, Peng CM and Neilan TG. The incidence and risk of cardiovascular events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in Asian populations. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2022; 52: 1389-1398.","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petersen I, Douglas I and Whitaker H. Self controlled case series methods: an alternative to standard epidemiological study designs. BMJ 2016; 354: i4515.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4515"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280208092342","article-title":"The methodology of self-controlled case series studies","volume":"18","author":"HJ","year":"2009","unstructured":"Whitaker HJ, Hocine MN and Farrington CP. The methodology of self-controlled case series studies. Stat Methods Med Res 2009; 18: 7-26.","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.37737\/ace.3.3_67","article-title":"Introduction to self-controlled study design","volume":"3","author":"Iwagami","year":"2021","unstructured":"Iwagami M and Takeuchi Y. Introduction to self-controlled study design. Ann Clin Epidemiol 2021; 3: 67-73.","journal-title":"Ann Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang J. To use or not to use propensity score matching? Pharm Stat 2021; 20: 15-24.","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.2051"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Cancer Research"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/e-century.us\/files\/ajcr\/15\/4\/ajcr0163044.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T01:55:34Z","timestamp":1766022934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/e-century.us\/files\/ajcr\/15\/4\/ajcr0163044.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62347\/zuua2691","relation":{},"ISSN":["2156-6976"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2156-6976","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}