{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:55:15Z","timestamp":1780671315963,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Juan Jos\u00e9 L\u00f3pez-Ibor Foundation","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759622400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Actas Esp Psiquiatr"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of electroencephalographic biofeedback (EEG-BF) treatment on cognitive function, sleep quality, anxiety and depression levels and quality of life in patients with vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia (VCI-ND).\nMethods: This study was a retrospective study that included a total of 128 patients diagnosed with VCI-ND at the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College from July 2022 to July 2024. The patients were divided into an EEG-BF group and a control group in accordance with whether they received EEG-BF treatment or not. Both groups received standard vascular risk factor management. The EEG-BF group separately received EEG-BF intervention two times a week for 12 weeks. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to perform 1:1 nearest-neighbour matching between the two groups with respect to baseline characteristics. The matching variables included age; education; place of residence; family income; type of health insurance; number of underlying diseases; and pre-intervention scores on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). The main outcome measures were the PSQI, MoCA, SAS, 36-item Short-Form Questionnaire (SF-36) and SDS before and after treatment.\nResults: After PSM, the baseline covariates between the two groups were well balanced, with no significant differences. The Love plot showed a significant decrease in standardised differences in covariates after matching. After 12 weeks of intervention, the EEG-BF group was significantly better than the control group in terms of MoCA scores (p = 0.013), SAS scores (p = 0.002), SDS scores (p = 0.004) and some of the SF-36 dimensions, and the within-group before and after comparisons was statistically different (p &lt; 0.05). The sleep quality of the EEG-BF group improved after treatment, whereas that of the control group exhibited no notable variation before and after the intervention (p &gt; 0.05).\nConclusion: EEG-BF may help improve cognitive function, sleep quality, emotional state and life quality in patients with VCI-ND, offering a promising individualised non-pharmacological intervention for this population. Future multicentre, prospective studies are needed to further validate its prolonged therapeutic effect and neuromodulatory mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.62641\/aep.v53i5.2010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T04:55:06Z","timestamp":1760504106000},"page":"967-978","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of Electroencephalographic Biofeedback Therapy on Depression Level, Sleep Quality and Cognitive Function in Patients With Non-Demented Vascular Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.62641","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1470-9529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kezheng","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0488-9488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"48925","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]},"container-title":["Actas Espa\u00f1olas de Psiquiatr\u00eda"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/actaspsiquiatria.es\/index.php\/actas\/article\/download\/2010\/2744","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/actaspsiquiatria.es\/index.php\/actas\/article\/download\/2010\/2744","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T04:55:07Z","timestamp":1760504107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/actaspsiquiatria.es\/index.php\/actas\/article\/view\/2010"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62641\/aep.v53i5.2010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1578-2735","1139-9287"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1578-2735","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1139-9287","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]}}}