{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T02:11:15Z","timestamp":1781921475246,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"DOI":"10.62675\/2965-2774.20250010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T14:42:55Z","timestamp":1742308975000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A target trial emulation of dexmedetomidine to treat agitation in the intensive care unit"],"prefix":"10.62675","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1520-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Neto","given":"Ary","family":"Serpa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6195-660X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8422-2644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atthaphong","family":"Phongphithakchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7388-9450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akinori","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6133-765X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yukiko","family":"Hikasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5125-9756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuttapol","family":"Pattamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9703-3551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuanprae","family":"Kitisin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5360-6393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gehan","family":"Premaratne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6158-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7594-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Furler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0553-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meg","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2128-5570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinesh","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8431-6779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Jahanabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4707-7462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahya","family":"Shehabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1650-8939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rinaldo","family":"Bellomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"49293","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"key20250318140933_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06650-z","article-title":"Natural language processing diagnosed behavioral disturbance vs confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit: prevalence, patient characteristics, overlap, and association with treatment and outcome","volume":"48","author":"Young","year":"2022","unstructured":"1. Young M, Holmes N, Kishore K, Marhoon N, Amjad S, Serpa-Neto A, et al. Natural language processing diagnosed behavioral disturbance vs confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit: prevalence, patient characteristics, overlap, and association with treatment and outcome. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(5):559-69.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250318140933_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04695-0","article-title":"Natural language processing diagnosed behavioural disturbance phenotypes in the intensive care unit: characteristics, prevalence, trajectory, treatment, and outcomes","volume":"27","author":"Young","year":"2023","unstructured":"2. Young M, Holmes NE, Kishore K, Amjad S, Gaca M, Serpa Neto A, et al. Natural language processing diagnosed behavioural disturbance phenotypes in the intensive care unit: characteristics, prevalence, trajectory, treatment, and outcomes. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):425.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20250318140933_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340101017","article-title":"Delirium in an intensive care unit: a study of risk factors","volume":"27","author":"Dubois","year":"2001","unstructured":"3. Dubois MJ, Bergeron N, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y. Delirium in an intensive care unit: a study of risk factors. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(8):1297-304.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"key20250318140933_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e825","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003299","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU","volume":"46","author":"Devlin","year":"2018","unstructured":"4. Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, G\u00e9linas C, Needham DM, Slooter AJ, Pandharipande PP, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation\/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018;46(9):e825-73.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20250318140933_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(13)70166-8","article-title":"Effect of intravenous haloperidol on the duration of delirium and coma in critically ill patients (Hope-ICU): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Page","year":"2013","unstructured":"5. Page VJ, Ely EW, Gates S, Zhao XB, Alce T, Shintani A, et al. Effect of intravenous haloperidol on the duration of delirium and coma in critically ill patients (Hope-ICU): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2013;1(7):515-23.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250318140933_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04692-3","article-title":"Efficacy of haloperidol to decrease the burden of delirium in adult critically ill patients: the EuRIDICE randomized clinical trial","volume":"27","author":"Smit","year":"2023","unstructured":"6. Smit L, Slooter AJ, Devlin JW, Trogrlic Z, Hunfeld NG, Osse RJ, et al.; EuRIDICE study group. Efficacy of haloperidol to decrease the burden of delirium in adult critically ill patients: the EuRIDICE randomized clinical trial. Crit Care. 2023;27(1):413.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250318140933_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066620984450","article-title":"A Retrospective comparison of the effectiveness and safety of intravenous olanzapine versus intravenous haloperidol for agitation in adult intensive care unit patients","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"7. Wang M, Yankama TT, Abdallah GT, Eche IJ, Knoph KN, Wong A, et al. A Retrospective comparison of the effectiveness and safety of intravenous olanzapine versus intravenous haloperidol for agitation in adult intensive care unit patients. J Intensive Care Med. 2022;37(2):222-30.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250318140933_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/cc7890","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine vs. haloperidol in delirious, agitated, intubated patients: a randomised open-label trial","volume":"13","author":"Reade","year":"2009","unstructured":"8. Reade MC, O'Sullivan K, Bates S, Goldsmith D, Ainslie WR, Bellomo R. Dexmedetomidine vs. haloperidol in delirious, agitated, intubated patients: a randomised open-label trial. Crit Care. 2009;13(3):R75.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"14","key":"key20250318140933_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.2707","article-title":"Efect of dexmedetomidine added to standard care on ventilator-free time in patients with agitated delirium","volume":"315","author":"Reade","year":"2016","unstructured":"9. Reade MC, Eastwood GM, Bellomo R, Bailey M, Bersten A, Cheung B, et al. Efect of dexmedetomidine added to standard care on ventilator-free time in patients with agitated delirium. JAMA. 2016;315(14):1460-8.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20250318140933_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.04.014","article-title":"Specifying a target trial prevents immortal time bias and other self-inflicted injuries in observational analyses","volume":"79","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2016","unstructured":"10. Hern\u00e1n MA, Sauer BC, Hern\u00e1ndez-D\u00edaz S, Platt R, Shrier I. Specifying a target trial prevents immortal time bias and other self-inflicted injuries in observational analyses. J Clin Epidemiol. 2016;79:70-5.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20250318140933_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv254","article-title":"Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available","volume":"183","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2016","unstructured":"11. Hern\u00e1n MA, Robins JM. Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183(8):758-64.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"key20250318140933_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.21383","article-title":"Target trial emulation: a framework for causal inference from observational data","volume":"328","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2022","unstructured":"12. Hern\u00e1n MA, Wang W, Leaf DE. Target trial emulation: a framework for causal inference from observational data. JAMA. 2022;328(24):2446-7.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250318140933_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2005.11.010","article-title":"Development and implementation of a high-quality clinical database: the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Adult Patient Database","volume":"21","author":"Stow","year":"2006","unstructured":"13. Stow PJ, Hart GK, Higlett T, George C, Herkes R, McWilliam D, et al.; ANZICS Database Management Committee. Development and implementation of a high-quality clinical database: the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Adult Patient Database. J Crit Care. 2006;21(2):133-41.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250318140933_B14","first-page":"144","article-title":"Natural language processing to assess the epidemiology of delirium-suggestive behavioural disturbances in critically ill patients","volume":"23","author":"Young","year":"2023","unstructured":"14. Young M, Holmes N, Robbins R, Marhoon N, Amjad S, Neto AS, et al. Natural language processing to assess the epidemiology of delirium-suggestive behavioural disturbances in critically ill patients. Crit Care Resusc. 2023;23(2):144-53.","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"key":"key20250318140933_B15","volume-title":"Natural language processing with Python","author":"Bird","year":"2009","unstructured":"15. Bird S, Klein E, Loper E. Natural language processing with Python. Sebastopol (CA): O\u2019Reilly Media; 2009."},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250318140933_B16","first-page":"299","article-title":"Using language descriptors to recognise delirium: a survey of clinicians and medical coders to identify delirium-suggestive words","volume":"21","author":"Holmes","year":"2019","unstructured":"16. Holmes NE, Amjad S, Young M, Berlowitz DJ, Bellomo R. Using language descriptors to recognise delirium: a survey of clinicians and medical coders to identify delirium-suggestive words. Crit Care Resusc. 2019;21(4):299-302.","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250318140933_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00012","article-title":"Marginal structural models to estimate the causal effect of zidovudine on the survival of HIV-positive men","volume":"11","author":"Hern\u00e1n","year":"2000","unstructured":"17. Hern\u00e1n MA, Brumback B, Robins JM. Marginal structural models to estimate the causal effect of zidovudine on the survival of HIV-positive men. Epidemiology. 2000;11(5):561-70.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250318140933_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-119","article-title":"Comparing marginal structural models to standard methods for estimating treatment effects of antihypertensive combination therapy","volume":"12","author":"Gerhard","year":"2012","unstructured":"18. Gerhard T, Delaney JA, Cooper-Dehoff RM, Shuster J, Brumback BA, Johnson JA, et al. Comparing marginal structural models to standard methods for estimating treatment effects of antihypertensive combination therapy. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012;12(1):119.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250318140933_B19","article-title":"gfoRmula: an R package for estimating the effects of sustained treatment strategies via the parametric g-formula","volume":"1","author":"McGrath","year":"2020","unstructured":"19. McGrath S, Lin V, Zhang Z, Petito LC, Logan RW, Hern\u00e1n MA, et al. gfoRmula: an R package for estimating the effects of sustained treatment strategies via the parametric g-formula. Patterns (N Y). 2020;1(3):100008.","journal-title":"Patterns (N Y)"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250318140933_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2013.07.058","article-title":"Risk prediction of hospital mortality for adult patients admitted to Australian and New Zealand intensive care units: development and validation of the Australian and New Zealand Risk of Death model","volume":"28","author":"Paul","year":"2013","unstructured":"20. Paul E, Bailey M, Pilcher D. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for adult patients admitted to Australian and New Zealand intensive care units: development and validation of the Australian and New Zealand Risk of Death model. J Crit Care. 2013;28(6):935-41.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250318140933_B21","first-page":"25","article-title":"The ANZROD model: better benchmarking of ICU outcomes and detection of outliers","volume":"18","author":"Paul","year":"2016","unstructured":"21. Paul E, Bailey M, Kasza J, Pilcher D. The ANZROD model: better benchmarking of ICU outcomes and detection of outliers. Crit Care Resusc. 2016;18(1):25-36.","journal-title":"Crit Care Resusc"},{"issue":"26","key":"key20250318140933_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2506","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1904710","article-title":"Early sedation with dexmedetomidine in critically ill patients","volume":"380","author":"Shehabi","year":"2019","unstructured":"22. Shehabi Y, Howe BD, Bellomo R, Arabi YM, Bailey M, Bass FE, et al.; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group and the SPICE III Investigators. Early sedation with dexmedetomidine in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(26):2506-17.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20250318140933_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06307-9","article-title":"Analgesia and sedation in patients with ARDS","volume":"46","author":"Chanques","year":"2020","unstructured":"23. Chanques G, Constantin JM, Devlin JW, Ely EW, Fraser GL, G\u00e9linas C, et al. Analgesia and sedation in patients with ARDS. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(12):2342-56.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"key20250318140933_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.304","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: two randomized controlled trials","volume":"307","author":"Jakob","year":"2012","unstructured":"24. Jakob SM, Ruokonen E, Grounds RM, Sarapohja T, Garratt C, Pocock SJ, et al.; Dexmedetomidine for Long-Term Sedation Investigators. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: two randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2012;307(11):1151-60.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20250318140933_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06712-2","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine vs other sedatives in critically ill mechanically ventilated adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"48","author":"Lewis","year":"2022","unstructured":"25. Lewis K, Alshamsi F, Carayannopoulos KL, Granholm A, Piticaru J, Al Duhailib Z, et al.; GUIDE group. Dexmedetomidine vs other sedatives in critically ill mechanically ventilated adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48(7):811-40.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250318140933_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.14208","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine for the prevention of delirium in adults admitted to the intensive care unit or post-operative care unit: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis","volume":"67","author":"Maagaard","year":"2023","unstructured":"26. Maagaard M, Barbateskovic M, Andersen-Ranberg NC, Kronborg JR, Chen YX, Xi HH, et al. Dexmedetomidine for the prevention of delirium in adults admitted to the intensive care unit or post-operative care unit: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials with meta-analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2023;67(4):382-411.","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250318140933_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-018-0437-z","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine in prevention and treatment of postoperative and intensive care unit delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Fl\u00fckiger","year":"2018","unstructured":"27. Fl\u00fckiger J, Hollinger A, Speich B, Meier V, Tontsch J, Zehnder T, et al. Dexmedetomidine in prevention and treatment of postoperative and intensive care unit delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intensive Care. 2018;8(1):92.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250318140933_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E93","DOI":"10.1532\/HSF98.201011102","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery patients who fail extubation and present with a delirium state","volume":"14","author":"Yapici","year":"2011","unstructured":"28. Yapici N, Coruh T, Kehlibar T, Yapici F, Tarhan A, Can Y, et al. Dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery patients who fail extubation and present with a delirium state. Heart Surg Forum. 2011;14(2):E93-8.","journal-title":"Heart Surg Forum"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20250318140933_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001622","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine for the treatment of hyperactive delirium refractory to haloperidol in nonintubated ICU patients: a nonrandomized controlled trial","volume":"44","author":"Carrasco","year":"2016","unstructured":"29. Carrasco G, Baeza N, Cabr\u00e9 L, Portillo E, Gimeno G, Manzanedo D, et al. Dexmedetomidine for the treatment of hyperactive delirium refractory to haloperidol in nonintubated ICU patients: a nonrandomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(7):1295-306.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20250318140933_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001803","article-title":"What to do when Haloperidol fails to treat agitated delirium: is Dexmedetomidine the next step?","volume":"44","author":"Teegarden","year":"2016","unstructured":"30. Teegarden BM, Prough DS. What to do when Haloperidol fails to treat agitated delirium: is Dexmedetomidine the next step? Crit Care Med. 2016;44(7):1426-8.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20250318140933_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-015783","article-title":"Comparison of propofol and dexmedetomidine infused overnight to treat hyperactive and mixed ICU delirium: a protocol for the Basel ProDex clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Hollinger","year":"2017","unstructured":"31. Hollinger A, Ledergerber K, von Felten S, Sutter R, R\u00fcegg S, Gantner L, et al. Comparison of propofol and dexmedetomidine infused overnight to treat hyperactive and mixed ICU delirium: a protocol for the Basel ProDex clinical trial. BMJ Open. 2017;7(7):e015783.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250318140933_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1177\/08850666221134262","article-title":"Agitation is a common barrier to recovery of ICU patients","volume":"38","author":"Prendergast","year":"2023","unstructured":"32. Prendergast NT, Onyemekwu CA, Potter KM, Tiberio PJ, Turnbull AE, Girard TD. Agitation is a common barrier to recovery of ICU patients. J Intensive Care Med. 2023;38(2):208-14.","journal-title":"J Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250318140933_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aucc.2022.02.005","article-title":"Nonpharmacological interventions for agitation in the adult intensive care unit: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Adams","year":"2023","unstructured":"33. Adams AM, Chamberlain D, Gr\u00f8nkj\u00e6r M, Brun Thorup C, Conroy T. Nonpharmacological interventions for agitation in the adult intensive care unit: A systematic review. Aust Crit Care. 2023;36(3):385-400.","journal-title":"Aust Crit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250318140933_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06356-8","article-title":"Early sedation with dexmedetomidine in ventilated critically ill patients and heterogeneity of treatment effect in the SPICE III randomised controlled trial","volume":"47","author":"Shehabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"34. Shehabi Y, Serpa Neto A, Howe BD, Bellomo R, Arabi YM, Bailey M, et al.; SPICE III Study Investigators. Early sedation with dexmedetomidine in ventilated critically ill patients and heterogeneity of treatment effect in the SPICE III randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2021 Apr;47(4):455-66.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20250318140933_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202206-1208OC","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine and propofol sedation in critically ill patients and dose-associated 90-day mortality: a secondary cohort analysis of a randomized controlled trial (SPICE III)","volume":"207","author":"Shehabi","year":"2023","unstructured":"35. Shehabi Y, Serpa Neto A, Bellomo R, Howe BD, Arabi YM, Bailey M, et al.; SPICE III Study Investigators. Dexmedetomidine and propofol sedation in critically ill patients and dose-associated 90-day mortality: a secondary cohort analysis of a randomized controlled trial (SPICE III). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;207(7):876-86.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"15","key":"key20250318140933_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2024922","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine or propofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults with sepsis","volume":"384","author":"Hughes","year":"2021","unstructured":"36. Hughes CG, Mailloux PT, Devlin JW, Swan JT, Sanders RD, Anzueto A, et al.; MENDS2 Study Investigators. Dexmedetomidine or propofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults with sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(15):1424-36.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"}],"container-title":["Critical Care Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T14:43:10Z","timestamp":1742308990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/criticalcarescience.org\/article\/a-target-trial-emulation-of-dexmedetomidine-to-treat-agitation-in-the-intensive-care-unit\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.62675\/2965-2774.20250010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62675\/2965-2774.20250010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2965-2774"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2965-2774","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"e20250010"}}