{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T10:56:55Z","timestamp":1772535415515,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Institute of Central Computation and Knowledge Inc.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:p>Road safety has become an increasingly important concern and the integration of Advanced Rider Assistance Systems and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems plays a crucial role in preventing accidents. This work proposes a computer vision pipeline to automatically detect hazardous road anomalies\u2014loose gravel, potholes, and puddles\u2014from a motorcycle-mounted camera, targeting real-time operation on embedded edge devices. A hybrid dataset of 28764 annotated images was created by combining real-world photos, Blender-rendered synthetic scenes, and AI-generated images to improve diversity and coverage. Multiple state-of-the-art object detectors were trained and benchmarked, including the YOLOv5\/7\/11\/12 families and the transformer-based RT-DETR architecture. While the RT-DETR model achieved the highest precision overall, its computational complexity and heavy resource requirements limited its suitability for real-time deployment on low-cost embedded platforms. Conversely, the YOLOv11n model demonstrated the best accuracy\u2013efficiency trade-off, reaching mAP@0.5 = 0.872 at 320$\\times$320 with 0.045 s\/frame on a Jetson Nano, while lighter variants remained viable on Raspberry Pi boards. Across classes, gravel was the most reliably detected, and operating points around a confidence threshold of $\\tau \\approx 0.31$ yielded balanced F1 scores up to 0.82. Although results show that automatic road-condition monitoring on affordable hardware is feasible, the prototype has not yet undergone on-road field trials. It does not include an integrated rider alert module or energy-use assessment. These gaps define the immediate roadmap for deployment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.62762\/tis.2025.418469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T08:40:56Z","timestamp":1772527256000},"page":"32-54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62762\/icck-crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Real-Time Detection of Road Anomalies for Integration in Rider Assistance Systems"],"prefix":"10.62762","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5854-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4584-4274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0096-2898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC - Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portuga"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3747-6577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edtor","family":"Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"INESC TEC - Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portuga"}]}],"member":"49353","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"container-title":["ICCK Transactions on Intelligent Systematics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.icck.org\/filebob\/uploads\/storage\/TIS_EXpwPiuQWMhnkfSQK.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T08:40:56Z","timestamp":1772527256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.icck.org\/article\/abs\/tis.2025.418469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62762\/tis.2025.418469","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["3068-5079","3069-003X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"3068-5079","type":"electronic"},{"value":"3069-003X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]}}}