{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T05:56:59Z","timestamp":1723096619673},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Sociedade Portuguesa de Reumatologia","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ARP Rheumatol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: To compare spinal and lower limb pain in adolescents regarding prevalence, characteristics, causes, and impact.  Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 13-year-old adolescents (female n=2210; male n=2353) from the Portuguese Generation XXI birth cohort. Data were collected between 2018 and 2020 through personal interviews by applying the Luebeck Pain Questionnaire. The pain features examined in each anatomical location (back and lower limb) were recurrence, duration, frequency, intensity, perceived causes, and impact on school and leisure activities. Frequencies and the Chi-square test were used. Results: Questionnaires from 4563 adolescents were analysed, 57.9% had pain in the last three months (main pain in the spine: 11.6%; main pain in the lower limb: 29.0%). Of those, 69.4% and 62.4% reported recurrent pain in the spine and lower limb, respectively. Recurrent pain was more frequent in girls than in boys (spine: 80.0%; 57.0%; lower limb: 70.4%; 58.1% respectively). Pain lasted more than three months in most adolescents (spine: about 60%; lower limb: above 50%); frequency was similarly high in both regions and both sexes (girls: 47.0%; boys: 45.7% in the spine; girls: 45.7%; boys: 40.3% in the lower limb); intensity was rated as high by girls (spine: 45.5%; lower limb: 47.3%) and moderate by boys (spine: 42.0%; lower limb: 41.0%). The leading causes of pain were daily living activities, both for the spine (girls: 65.9%; boys: 76.5%) and the lower limb (girls: 62.2%; boys: 72.1%). Psychosocial causes were the second most common cause of spinal pain (girls: 25.0%; boys: 21.0%). Other causes of lower limb pain were traumatic (girls: 25.5%; boys: 16.6%) and physical factors (girls: 20.7%; boys: 23.8%). Absences from school (girls: 11.7%; boys: 4.8%) and restrictions of leisure activities (girls: 20.7%; boys: 25.2%) were more related to pain in the lower limb.  Conclusion: More than half of the adolescents reported spinal or lower limb recurrent pain, which presents a higher frequency, higher intensity, and longer duration in the spine. However, lower limb pain led to more concurrent limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.63032\/eqzf4547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T08:51:08Z","timestamp":1719737468000},"page":"111-118","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence, characteristics, and impact of spinal and lower limb recurrent pain at age 13"],"prefix":"10.63032","volume":"3","author":[{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"I","family":"Moura Bessa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Center for Rehabilitation Research (CIR), School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"G","family":"Brochado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Escola Superior de Tecnologias de Sa\u00fade do T\u00e2mega e Sousa, Paredes, Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"Center for Translational Health and Medical Biotechnology Research (TBIO), School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M","family":"Talih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"EPIUnit (Epidemiology Research Unit), ITR (Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health), Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"EPIUnit (Epidemiology Research Unit), ITR (Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health), Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"R","family":"Lucas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"name":"EPIUnit (Epidemiology Research Unit), ITR (Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health), Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"49459","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-8-46","article-title":"Risk factors for development of non-specific musculoskeletal pain in preteens and early adolescents: a prospective 1-year follow-up study","volume":"8","author":"El-Metwally","year":"2007","unstructured":"1. El-Metwally A, Salminen JJ, Auvinen A, Macfarlane G, Mikkelsson M. Risk factors for development of non-specific musculoskeletal pain in preteens and early adolescents: a prospective 1-year follow-up study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007; 8:46.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-020-00330-9","article-title":"Musculoskeletal pain distribution in 1,000 Danish schoolchildren aged 8-16 years","volume":"28","author":"Fuglkjaer","year":"2020","unstructured":"2. Fuglkjaer S, Vach W, Hartvigsen J, Dissing KB, Junge T, Hestbaek L. Musculoskeletal pain distribution in 1,000 Danish schoolchildren aged 8-16 years. Chiropr Man Therap. 2020; 28:45.","journal-title":"Chiropr Man Therap"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-191","article-title":"High prevalence of daily and multi-site pain--a cross-sectional population-based study among 3000 Danish adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Rathleff","year":"2013","unstructured":"3. Rathleff MS, Roos EM, Olesen JL, Rasmussen S. High prevalence of daily and multi-site pain--a cross-sectional population-based study among 3000 Danish adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 2013; 13:191.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsx063","article-title":"School Self-Concept in Adolescents With Chronic Pain","volume":"42","author":"Logan","year":"2017","unstructured":"4. Logan DE, Gray LS, Iversen CN, Kim S. School Self-Concept in Adolescents With Chronic Pain. J Pediatr Psychol. 2017; 42:892-901.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsx046","article-title":"Loneliness in Children and Adolescents With Chronic Physical Conditions: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"42","author":"Maes","year":"2017","unstructured":"5. Maes M, Van den Noortgate W, Fustolo-Gunnink SF, Rassart J, Luyckx K, Goossens L. Loneliness in Children and Adolescents With Chronic Physical Conditions: A Meta-Analysis. J Pediatr Psychol. 2017; 42:622-635.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1165","article-title":"Pain patterns during adolescence can be grouped into four pain classes with distinct profiles: A study on a population based cohort of 2953 adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Holden","year":"2018","unstructured":"6. Holden S, Rathleff MS, Roos EM, Jensen MB, Pourbordbari N, Graven-Nielsen T. Pain patterns during adolescence can be grouped into four pain classes with distinct profiles: A study on a population based cohort of 2953 adolescents. Eur J Pain. 2018; 22:793-799.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"7. Rathleff MS, Holden S, Straszek CL, Olesen JL, Jensen MB, Roos EM. Five-year prognosis and impact of adolescent knee pain: a prospective population-based cohort study of 504 adolescents in Denmark. BMJ Open. 2019; 9:e024113.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024113"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.3334","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Low Back Pain in School-aged Children: A Review","volume":"171","author":"MacDonald","year":"2017","unstructured":"8. MacDonald J, Stuart E, Rodenberg R. Musculoskeletal Low Back Pain in School-aged Children: A Review. JAMA Pediatr. 2017; 171:280-287.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e318158d70b","article-title":"Epidemiology of adolescent spinal pain: a systematic overview of the research literature","volume":"32","author":"Jeffries","year":"2007","unstructured":"9. Jeffries LJ, Milanese SF, Grimmer-Somers KA. Epidemiology of adolescent spinal pain: a systematic overview of the research literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007; 32:2630-2637.","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-187","article-title":"Spinal pain in adolescents: prevalence, incidence, and course: a school-based two-year prospective cohort study in 1,300 Danes aged 11-13","volume":"15","author":"Aartun","year":"2014","unstructured":"10. Aartun E, Hartvigsen J, Wedderkopp N, Hestbaek L. Spinal pain in adolescents: prevalence, incidence, and course: a school-based two-year prospective cohort study in 1,300 Danes aged 11-13. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014; 15:187.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30480-X","article-title":"What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention","volume":"391","author":"Hartvigsen","year":"2018","unstructured":"11. Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, Louw Q, Ferreira ML, Genevay S, et al. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet. 2018; 391:2356-2367.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03326-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of spinal pain in children: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort","volume":"178","author":"Joergensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"12. Joergensen AC, Hestbaek L, Andersen PK, Nybo Andersen AM. Epidemiology of spinal pain in children: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. Eur J Pediatr. 2019; 178:695-706.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2017.04.003","article-title":"The prevalence, risk factors, prognosis and treatment for back pain in children and adolescents: An overview of systematic reviews","volume":"30","author":"Kamper","year":"2016","unstructured":"13. Kamper SJ, Yamato TP, Williams CM. The prevalence, risk factors, prognosis and treatment for back pain in children and adolescents: An overview of systematic reviews. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2016; 30:1021-1036.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13148-0","article-title":"Low-back pain in children","volume":"361","author":"Balagu\u00e9","year":"2003","unstructured":"14. Balagu\u00e9 F, Dudler J, Nordin M. Low-back pain in children. Lancet. 2003; 361:1403-1404.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0b013e3180317a35","article-title":"Nonspecific low back pain in 5000 Iranian school-age children","volume":"27","author":"Mohseni-Bandpei","year":"2007","unstructured":"15. Mohseni-Bandpei MA, Bagheri-Nesami M, Shayesteh-Azar M. Nonspecific low back pain in 5000 Iranian school-age children. J Pediatr Orthop. 2007; 27:126-129.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/BPO.0000000000000653","article-title":"Low Back Pain in Adolescents: A 1-Year Analysis of Eventual Diagnoses","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"16. Yang S, Werner BC, Singla A, Abel MF. Low Back Pain in Adolescents: A 1-Year Analysis of Eventual Diagnoses. J Pediatr Orthop. 2017; 37:344-347.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.74.4.336","article-title":"Recurrent limb pain in schoolchildren","volume":"74","author":"Abu-Arafeh I","year":"1996","unstructured":"17. Abu-Arafeh I, Russell G. Recurrent limb pain in schoolchildren. Arch Dis Child. 1996; 74:336-339.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-020-00458-3","article-title":"History of global burden of disease assessment at the World Health Organization","volume":"78","author":"Mathers","year":"2020","unstructured":"18. Mathers CD. History of global burden of disease assessment at the World Health Organization. Archives of Public Health. 2020; 78:1-13.","journal-title":"Archives of Public Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1859-8","article-title":"Musculoskeletal extremity pain in Danish school children - how often and for how long? The CHAMPS study-DK","volume":"18","author":"Fuglkjaer","year":"2017","unstructured":"19. Fuglkjaer S, Hartvigsen J, Wedderkopp N, Boyle E, Jespersen E, Junge T, et al. Musculoskeletal extremity pain in Danish school children - how often and for how long? The CHAMPS study-DK. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017; 18:492.","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.07.016","article-title":"The epidemiology of chronic pain in children and adolescents revisited: a systematic review","volume":"152","author":"King","year":"2011","unstructured":"20. King S, Chambers CT, Huguet A, MacNevin RC, McGrath PJ, Parker L, et al. The epidemiology of chronic pain in children and adolescents revisited: a systematic review. Pain. 2011; 152:2729-2738.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-012-0340-6","article-title":"Prevalence of self-reported cardiovascular risk factors in Portuguese women: a survey after delivery","volume":"57","author":"Alves","year":"2012","unstructured":"21. Alves E, Correia S, Barros H, Azevedo A. Prevalence of self-reported cardiovascular risk factors in Portuguese women: a survey after delivery. Int J Public Health. 2012; 57:837-847.","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1898","article-title":"Refining the prediction of multisite pain in 13-year-old boys and girls by using parent-reported pain experiences in the first decade of life","volume":"26","author":"Lucas","year":"2022","unstructured":"22. Lucas R, Brandao M, Gorito V, Talih M. Refining the prediction of multisite pain in 13-year-old boys and girls by using parent-reported pain experiences in the first decade of life. Eur J Pain. 2022; 26:695-708.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00717.x","article-title":"Reports of pain among German children and adolescents: an epidemiological study","volume":"93","author":"Roth-Isigkeit","year":"2004","unstructured":"23. Roth-Isigkeit A, Thyen U, Raspe HH, St\u00f6ven H, Schmucker P. Reports of pain among German children and adolescents: an epidemiological study. Acta Paediatr. 2004; 93:258-263.","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6712.2010.00785.x","article-title":"Pain in children and adolescents: prevalence, impact on daily life, and parents' perception, a school survey","volume":"25","author":"Haraldstad","year":"2011","unstructured":"24. Haraldstad K, Sorum R, Eide H, Natvig GK, Helseth S. Pain in children and adolescents: prevalence, impact on daily life, and parents' perception, a school survey. Scand J Caring Sci. 2011; 25:27-36.","journal-title":"Scand J Caring Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001384","article-title":"Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)","volume":"160","author":"Treede","year":"2019","unstructured":"25. Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, Aziz Q, Bennett MI, Benoliel R, et al. Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Pain. 2019; 160:19-27.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(83)90126-4","article-title":"The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain","volume":"17","author":"Price","year":"1983","unstructured":"26. Price DD, McGrath PA, Rafii A, Buckingham B. The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain. 1983; 17:45-56.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"27. Hirschfeld G, Zernikow B. Cut points for mild, moderate, and severe pain on the VAS for children and adolescents: what can be learned from 10 million ANOVAs? Pain. 2013; 154:2626-2632.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.05.048"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12730","article-title":"Mother-reported pain experience between ages 7 and 10: A prospective study in a population-based birth cohort","volume":"35","author":"Lucas","year":"2021","unstructured":"28. Lucas R, Talih M, Monjardino T, Guimaraes S, Barros H. Mother-reported pain experience between ages 7 and 10: A prospective study in a population-based birth cohort. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2021; 35:359-370.","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"29. Classification of chronic pain. Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Prepared by the International Association for the Study of Pain, Subcommittee on Taxonomy. Pain Suppl. 1986; 3:S1-226."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.09.001","article-title":"Social information processing in adolescents with chronic pain: my friends don't really understand me","volume":"152","author":"Forgeron","year":"2011","unstructured":"30. Forgeron PA, McGrath P, Stevens B, Evans J, Dick B, Finley AG, et al. Social information processing in adolescents with chronic pain: my friends don't really understand me. Pain. 2011; 152:2773-2780.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"31. McGrath PA. Psychological aspects of pain perception. Arch Oral Biol. 1994; 39 Suppl:55s-62s.","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(94)90189-9"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/pne2.12085","article-title":"Narrative review of the prevalence and distribution of acute pain in children in the self-care setting","volume":"4","author":"Shinde","year":"2022","unstructured":"32. Shinde N, Kanabar DJ, Miles LJ. Narrative review of the prevalence and distribution of acute pain in children in the self-care setting. Paediatr Neonatal Pain. 2022; 4:169-191.","journal-title":"Paediatr Neonatal Pain"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"33. Kamiya T, Teramoto A, Otsubo H, Matsumura T, Ikeda Y, Watanabe K, et al. Risk factors of lower extremity injuries in youth athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2023; 9:e001493.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2022-001493"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2414-x","article-title":"Perceived stress and musculoskeletal pain are prevalent and significantly associated in adolescents: an epidemiological cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"\u00d8ster\u00e5s","year":"2015","unstructured":"34. \u00d8ster\u00e5s B, Sigmundsson H, Haga M. Perceived stress and musculoskeletal pain are prevalent and significantly associated in adolescents: an epidemiological cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2015; 15:1081.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-1273-z","article-title":"Health-related quality of life in adolescents with persistent pain and the mediating role of self-efficacy: a cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Grasaas","year":"2020","unstructured":"35. Grasaas E, Helseth S, Fegran L, Stinson J, Sm\u00e5stuen M, Haraldstad K. Health-related quality of life in adolescents with persistent pain and the mediating role of self-efficacy: a cross-sectional study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2020; 18:19.","journal-title":"Health and Quality of Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"36. Roth-Isigkeit A, Thyen U, St\u00f6ven H, Schwarzenberger J, Schmucker P. Pain among children and adolescents: restrictions in daily living and triggering factors. Pediatrics. 2005; 115:e152-162.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0682"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(91)90108-A","article-title":"The epidemiology of pain in children and adolescents: a review","volume":"46","author":"JE","year":"1991","unstructured":"37. Goodman JE, McGrath PJ. The epidemiology of pain in children and adolescents: a review. Pain. 1991; 46:247-264.","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["ARP Rheumatology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T06:29:38Z","timestamp":1719901778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.arprheumatology.com\/section.php?id=1693"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.63032\/eqzf4547","relation":{},"ISSN":["2795-4552"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2795-4552"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]]}}}