{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:56:57Z","timestamp":1791305817808,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"VidhiAagaz","issue":"V","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJLMH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explores the relationship between generative artificial intelligence and copyright law in the European Union (EU), focusing on the Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act (Regulation (EU) 2024\/1689) and its interplay with the existing EU copyright acquis. It distinguishes between two questions that are often conflated: whether AI-generated or AI-assisted content deserves copyright protection, and whether the providers and deployers of AI systems that produce such content bear regulatory responsibilities. Applying doctrinal legal research to the AI Act, the study examines the treatment of general-purpose AI models, copyright-compliance policies, training-content summaries, synthetic-content transparency, documentation, institutional supervision and adaptive codes of practice. It also places these obligations alongside the Court of Justice\u2019s originality standard, which has so far been tied to the author\u2019s own intellectual creation expressed through free and creative choices. The study concludes that the EU framework works best in relation to provider accountability, provenance and transparency, but that some important output-side copyright issues remain to be addressed by the existing copyright framework. In that light, it suggests strengthening the links between AI law and copyright law without turning the AI Act into a copyright-specific law.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.63108\/ijlmh.13014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:39:05Z","timestamp":1791304745000},"page":"2104-2121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Generative AI and Copyright in the European Union: Transparency, Copyright Compliance, and the AI Act"],"prefix":"10.63108","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2417-5428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinmay","family":"Rathee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate from University Institute of Legal Studies, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"19992","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"#cr-split#-ref1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin Senftleben, Text and Data Mining, Generative AI, and the Copyright Three-Step Test, 57 IIC Int'l Rev. Intell. Prop. & Competition L. 67 (2026), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40319-026-01680-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s40319-026-01680-2"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adam Buick, Copyright and AI Training Data: Transparency to the Rescue?, 20 J. Intell. Prop. L. & Prac. 182 (2025), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jiplp\/jpae102","DOI":"10.1093\/jiplp\/jpae102"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andres Guadamuz, The EU's Artificial Intelligence Act and Copyright, 28 J. World Intell. Prop. 213 (2025), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jwip.12330.","DOI":"10.1111\/jwip.12330"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eleonora Rosati, Copyright and the Court of Justice of the European Union 82 (2d ed. 2023).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4516462"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref3.1","unstructured":"Case C-683\/17, Cofemel - Sociedade de Vestu\u00e1rio SA v. G-Star Raw CV, ECLI:EU:C:2019:721, \u00b6\u00b6 29-30 (Sept. 12, 2019)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref3.2","unstructured":"Case C-145\/10, Painer v. Standard VerlagsGmbH, ECLI:EU:C:2011:798, \u00b6\u00b6 87-90 (Dec. 1, 2011)."},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Rosati, Copyright and the Court of Justice, supra note 2, at 115."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref5.1","unstructured":"Regulation 2024\/1689, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence and Amending Regulations (EC) No 300\/2008, (EU) No 167\/2013, (EU) No 168\/2013, (EU) 2018\/858, (EU) 2018\/1139 and (EU) 2019\/2144 and Directives 2014\/90\/EU, (EU) 2016\/797 and (EU) 2020\/1828 (Artificial Intelligence Act), art. 1(1), recital 1, 2024 O.J. (L 2024\/1689), https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1689\/oj [hereinafter AI Act], amended by Regulation 2026\/1744, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 July 2026 Amending Regulations (EU) 2024\/1689, (EU) 2018\/1139 and (EU) 2023\/1230 as Regards the Simplification of the Implementation of Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Digital Omnibus on AI), 2026 O.J. (L 2026\/1744), https:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2026\/1744\/oj [hereinafter Digital Omnibus on AI]"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref5.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"cf. Irini Stamatoudi & Paul Torremans, EU Copyright Law: A Commentary 54 (2d ed. 2021) (on the general principles of EU copyright law).","DOI":"10.4337\/9781786437808"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, recitals 3\u20138."},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, pmbl., art. 1(1), recitals 3, 8; Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union arts. 16, 114, 2016 O.J. (C 202) 47; cf. Stamatoudi & Torremans, supra note 5, at 312 (on the Information Society Directive)."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, art. 27(1), recital 96."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, art. 2(1); cf. Paul Goldstein & P. Bernt Hugenholtz, International Copyright: Principles, Law, and Practice 124 (4th ed. 2019) (on the territoriality of copyright)."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, art. 2(2)\u2013(12); Digital Omnibus on AI, supra note 5, art. 1(2)(a) (replacing AI Act art. 2(2)); see also Eur. Comm\u2019n, Guidelines on Obligations for General-Purpose AI Providers, Shaping Europe\u2019s Digital Future (last updated Nov. 11, 2025), https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/faqs\/guidelines-obligations-general-purpose-ai-providers."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, art. 3; see generally Le Cheng, Copyright Issues Related to Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) 37 (2026), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-95-8781-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-95-8781-0"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, art. 3(1); Cheng, supra note 11, at 69."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, art. 3(3)\u2013(5), (8)\u2013(13), (23); see also Eur. Comm\u2019n, Guidelines on Obligations for General-Purpose AI Providers, supra note 10."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, art. 3(29)\u2013(33); World Intell. Prop. Org., Generative AI: Navigating Intellectual Property (2024), https:\/\/www.wipo.int\/export\/sites\/www\/about-ip\/en\/frontier_technologies\/pdf\/generative-ai-factsheet.pdf.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003260127-2"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, art. 3(19), (26), (47), (53)\u2013(56)."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, art. 3(60), (63)\u2013(66), (68); see also Kateryna Militsyna, Can Copyright Law Benefit from the Marking Requirement of the AI Act?, 56 IIC Int\u2019l Rev. Intell. Prop. & Competition L. 1734 (2025), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40319-025-01624-2.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40319-025-01624-2"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, recitals 97\u2013100; Eur. Comm\u2019n, General-Purpose AI Obligations Under the AI Act, Shaping Europe\u2019s Digital Future (last updated Aug. 1, 2025), https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/factpages\/general-purpose-ai-obligations-under-ai-act (noting that the Commission\u2019s guidelines treat a model as general-purpose where it is trained with more than 10\u00b2\u00b3 FLOP and can generate language)."},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, recitals 101\u2013103; see also Buick, supra note 1."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, art. 53(2), recital 104; Directive 2019\/790, of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market and Amending Directives 96\/9\/EC and 2001\/29\/EC, art. 4(3), 2019 O.J. (L 130) 92 [hereinafter DSM Directive]; see also Senftleben, supra note 1 (discussing the rightholder opt-out in rules permitting text and data mining for AI training)."},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, recitals 105\u2013106; DSM Directive, supra note 19, arts. 3, 4; Eleonora Rosati, Copyright in the Digital Single Market: Article-by-Article Commentary to the Provisions of Directive 2019\/790 45 (2021); see also Goldstein & Hugenholtz, supra note 9, at 305 (on economic rights)."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, recitals 107\u2013109; Eur. Union Intell. Prop. Off., The Development of Generative Artificial Intelligence from a Copyright Perspective (2025), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2814\/3893780."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, recitals 97\u2013109; cf. Rosati, Copyright in the Digital Single Market, supra note 20, at 66 (discussing Article 4 of the DSM Directive)."},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, recitals 132, 134; Militsyna, supra note 16, at 1742."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref24.1","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, arts. 4, 50(2), (4), (7), as amended by Digital Omnibus on AI, supra note 5, art. 1(5), (20). Article 50 applies from Aug. 2, 2026, and providers of generative AI systems placed on the market before that date have until Dec. 2, 2026 to comply with Article 50(2). AI Act, supra note 5, arts. 111(4), 113, as amended by Digital Omnibus on AI, supra note 5, art. 1(39)(b)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref24.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"cf. Johannes Fritz, Understanding Authorship in Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Works, 20 J. Intell. Prop. L. & Prac. 354 (2025), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jiplp\/jpae119 (on authorship in AI-assisted works).","DOI":"10.1093\/jiplp\/jpae119"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, art. 50; Axel Brando, Technological Aspects of Generative AI in the Context of Copyright: Attribution and Novelty in Generative AI Hypersurfaces (Eur. Parl., Pol\u2019y Dep\u2019t for Just., Civ. Liberties & Institutional Affs., Briefing PE 776.529, July 30, 2025), https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/BRIE\/2025\/776529\/IUST_BRI(2025)776529_EN.pdf."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, arts. 51\u201352; Eur. Comm\u2019n, Guidelines on the Scope of Obligations for Providers of General-Purpose AI Models Under the AI Act, Shaping Europe\u2019s Digital Future (last visited Sept. 14, 2026), https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/library\/guidelines-scope-obligations-providers-general-purpose-ai-models-under-ai-act."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref27.1","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, arts. 53-56, as amended by Digital Omnibus on AI, supra note 5, art. 1(21) (replacing AI Act art. 56(6)). Chapter V has applied since Aug. 2, 2025, and providers of models placed on the market before that date must comply by Aug. 2, 2027. AI Act, supra note 5, arts. 111(3), 113(b). The General-Purpose AI Code of Practice was published on July 10, 2025, with chapters on transparency, copyright, and safety and security. Eur. Comm'n, The General-Purpose AI Code of Practice, Shaping Europe's Digital Future (last updated July 31, 2026), https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/contents-code-gpai"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref27.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"see also Kalpana Tyagi, Copyright, Text & Data Mining and the Innovation Dimension of Generative AI, 19 J. Intell. Prop. L. & Prac. 557 (2024), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jiplp\/jpae028.","DOI":"10.1093\/jiplp\/jpae028"},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, arts. 88\u201389; see also Guadamuz, supra note 1."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, arts. 68, 90."},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, arts. 91\u201396; cf. Buick, supra note 1, at 186."},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, art. 53(1)(a)\u2013(b), annex XI, \u00a7 1, pt. 2(c), annex XII, pt. 2(c)."},{"key":"ref32","unstructured":"Tyagi, supra note 27, at 563."},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Fritz, supra note 24, at 360."},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"AI Act, supra note 5, art. 53(1)(d); Eur. Comm\u2019n, Explanatory Notice and Template for the Public Summary of Training Content for General-Purpose AI Models (July 24, 2025), https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/library\/explanatory-notice-and-template-public-summary-training-content-general-purpose-ai-models."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Law Management &amp; Humanities"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ijlmh.com\/article\/download\/generative-ai-copyright-european-union-ai-act\/1325","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ijlmh.com\/article\/download\/generative-ai-copyright-european-union-ai-act\/1326","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ijlmh.com\/article\/download\/generative-ai-copyright-european-union-ai-act\/1325","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T16:39:19Z","timestamp":1791304759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijlmh.com\/article\/view\/generative-ai-copyright-european-union-ai-act"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"V","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.63108\/ijlmh.13014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2581-5369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2581-5369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]}}}