{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T17:38:49Z","timestamp":1792863529264,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"VidhiAagaz","issue":"V","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792800000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJLMH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deepfakes reveal a gap between harm that is obvious to the senses and blame that can be attributed. Stating the law as on 13 October 2026, this article analyses India\u2019s Information Technology Act, 2000 and the amended intermediary rules, along with the relevant constitutional and personality-rights case law. By way of doctrinal analysis, it distinguishes the elements of offences from regulatory obligations to prevent harm, from the conditions of intermediary exemption and from civil remedies. The amendments of February 2026 establish synthetic-content labelling, provenance requirements and differentiated takedown deadlines, yet do not turn every failure to comply into criminal liability. While existing laws cover a number of the fraudulent impersonation and sexual exploitation elements inherent in these cases, wholly synthetic intimate imagery, the evidentiary attribution of content to a particular person and parallel access to remedies remain difficult. The analysis therefore proceeds on a differentiated account of responsibility, in which the conduct, knowledge, control and available immunity of each participant are addressed separately once an underlying wrong has been identified. It advocates clear, tailored guidance, proportionate verification and victim-centred processes, as opposed to blanket developer liability. Regulation is effective only with responsible attribution, not merely with the rapid removal of content or the disclosure of synthetic origin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.63108\/ijlmh.13100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T17:31:06Z","timestamp":1792863066000},"page":"3251-3261","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regulation of Artificial Intelligence, Deepfakes and Liability under the Information Technology Act, 2000"],"prefix":"10.63108","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Irshad","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant Professor of Law at CGC University, Mohali, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"19992","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yisroel Mirsky & Wenke Lee, The Creation and Detection of Deepfakes: A Survey, 54 ACM Computing Surveys 1 (2021), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3425780.","DOI":"10.1145\/3425780"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref2.1","unstructured":"Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2026, G.S.R. 120(E), r. 1(2), Gazette of India, Extraordinary, pt. II, sec. 3"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref2.2","unstructured":"(i) (Feb. 10, 2026) (India), https:\/\/egazette.gov.in\/WriteReadData\/2026\/269993.pdf."},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Frequently Asked Questions on the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2026 1 (Feb. 10, 2026)."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobby Chesney & Danielle Citron, Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security, 107 Calif. L. Rev. 1753 (2019).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3213954"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"Jessica Silbey & Woodrow Hartzog, The Upside of Deep Fakes, 78 Md. L. Rev. 960 (2019)."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshua Habgood-Coote, Deepfakes and the Epistemic Apocalypse, 201 Synthese 103 (2023), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11229-023-04097-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-023-04097-3"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"The Information Technology Act, No. 21 of 2000, India Code (2000), \u00a7 66C."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, No. 45 of 2023, India Code (2023), \u00a7\u00a7 318\u2013319; The Information Technology Act, supra note 7, \u00a7 66D."},{"key":"ref9","unstructured":"The Information Technology Act, supra note 7, \u00a7 66E."},{"key":"ref10","unstructured":"Id. \u00a7\u00a7 67\u201367B."},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Id. \u00a7 75."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, No. 47 of 2023, India Code (2023), \u00a7\u00a7 61\u201363."},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, supra note 8, \u00a7\u00a7 318\u2013319, 335\u2013336, 356."},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, No. 22 of 2023, India Code (2023), \u00a7 1(2); Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, Notification G.S.R. 843(E), cl. (c), Gazette of India, Extraordinary, pt. II, sec. 3(i) (Nov. 13, 2025) (India)."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"The Information Technology Act, supra note 7, \u00a7 79."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Shreya Singhal v. Union of India, (2015) 5 SCC 1, \u00b6\u00b6 117\u2013119 (India)."},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, G.S.R. 139(E), rr. 4(1)(a), 7, Gazette of India, Extraordinary, pt. II, sec. 3(i) (Feb. 25, 2021) (India), as amended up to G.S.R. 120(E) (Feb. 10, 2026)."},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2026, supra note 2, r. 2(b) (inserting r. 2(1B))."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Id. rr. 1(2), 2(a)(ii) (inserting r. 2(1)(wa))."},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Id. r. 3(c) (inserting r. 3(3))."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Id. r. 4(a) (inserting r. 4(1A))."},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, supra note 17, rr. 3(1)(d), 3(2); Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology, supra note 3, at 9\u201310 (Questions 14\u201318)."},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Mirsky & Lee, supra note 1."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Shreya Singhal, supra note 16, \u00b6 119."},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India, (2017) 10 SCC 1, \u00b6\u00b6 310, 325 (Chandrachud, J.) (India)."},{"key":"ref26","unstructured":"Vrinda Bhandari & Rishab Bailey, Evolution of Privacy Jurisprudence in the Supreme Court of India: Evaluating the Impact of Puttaswamy, 36 Nat\u2019l L. Sch. India Rev., no. 2, art. 7 (2025), https:\/\/repository.nls.ac.in\/nlsir\/vol36\/iss2\/7\/."},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Anil Kapoor v. Simply Life India, CS(COMM) 652\/2023, \u00b6\u00b6 38\u201348 (Del. HC Sept. 20, 2023) (India)."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Arijit Singh v. Codible Ventures LLP, Interim Application (L) No. 23560 of 2024 in Commercial IPR Suit (L) No. 23443 of 2024, \u00b6\u00b6 18\u201320, 24 (Bom. HC July 26, 2024) (India)."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Habgood-Coote, supra note 6."},{"key":"ref30","unstructured":"Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021, supra note 17, r. 4(4)."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Law Management &amp; Humanities"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ijlmh.com\/article\/download\/regulation-artificial-intelligence-deepfakes\/1477","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ijlmh.com\/article\/download\/regulation-artificial-intelligence-deepfakes\/1478","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ijlmh.com\/article\/download\/regulation-artificial-intelligence-deepfakes\/1477","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T17:31:10Z","timestamp":1792863070000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ijlmh.com\/article\/view\/regulation-artificial-intelligence-deepfakes"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"V","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.63108\/ijlmh.13100","relation":{},"ISSN":["2581-5369"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2581-5369","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]]}}}