{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:45:45Z","timestamp":1791380745926,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MedWorks Media","issue":"4S1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacol Bull"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\nAdhesive capsulitis of the shoulder (AC) is characterized by fibrosis and contracture of the glenohumeral joint capsule, resulting in progressive stiffness, pain, and restriction of motion of the shoulder. The prevalence of AC is estimated to be 2\u20135% of the general population. Patients with AC typically have an insidious onset of pain and can progress to severe limitation of the shoulder leading to significant disability and decreased quality of life.\nObjectives\nThe objective of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of AC with a focus on clinical presentation, natural history, pathophysiology, and various treatment modalities.\nStudy Design\nA review article.\nSetting\nA review of literature.\nMethods\nA search was made on the Pubmed database using the keywords of adhesive capsulitis, frozen shoulder, shoulder capsulitis, arthrofibrosis, shoulder pain, shoulder stiffness.\nResults\nOur search identified numerous studies in order to provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of the treatment and management of AC.\nLimitations\nThere remains limited evidence in literature about the understanding of AC and optimal treatment.\nConclusion\nAC is an important cause of chronic pain and disability. There is currently no consensus on treatment. Initial treatment modalities revolve around conservative measures as well as aggressive physical therapy. Further treatment options include intraarticular injections, hydro-dilation, nerve blocks, and for more refractory cases, surgical interventions such as arthroscopic capsulotomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64719\/pb.4384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:39:16Z","timestamp":1761046756000},"page":"91-107","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A Comprehensive Update of Adhesive Capsulitis and Minimally Invasive Treatment Options"],"prefix":"10.64719","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Riki","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Urits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anu","family":"Murthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elyse M.","family":"Cornett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh L.","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laxmaiah","family":"Manchikanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan D.","family":"Kaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Viswanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neviaser AS, Neviaser RJ. Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2011","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201109000-00004"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuckerman JD, Rokito A. Frozen shoulder: A consensus definition. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2010.07.008"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hand GCR, Athanasou NA, Matthews T, Carr AJ. The pathology of frozen shoulder. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B7.19097"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"Page P, Labbe A. Adhesive capsulitis: use the evidence to integrate your interventions. N Am J Sports Phys Ther. 2010"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uppal HS. Frozen shoulder: A systematic review of therapeutic options. World J Orthop. 2015","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i2.263"},{"key":"ref6","unstructured":"*** A 2015 systematic review of therapeutic options for the treatment of adhesive capsulitis."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tighe CB, Oakley WS. The prevalence of a diabetic condition and adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. South Med J. 2008","DOI":"10.1097\/SMJ.0b013e3181705d39"},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"Milgrom C, Novack V, Weil Y, Jaber S, Radeva-Petrova DR, Finestone A. Risk factors for idiopathic frozen shoulder. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bridgman JF. Periarthritis of the shoulder and diabetes mellitus. Ann Rheum Dis. 1972","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.31.1.69"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang SW, Lin JW, Wang WT, Wu CW, Liou TH, Lin HW. Hyperthyroidism is a risk factor for developing adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: A nationwide longitudinal population-based study. Sci Rep. 2014","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04183"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith SP, Devaraj VS, Bunker TD. The association between frozen shoulder and Dupuytren\u2019s disease. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2001","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2001.112883"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang S, Park DH, Ahn SH, Kim J, Lee JW, Han JY, Kim DK, Jeon JY, Choi KH, Kim W. Prevalence and risk factors of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder after breast cancer treatment. Support Care Cancer. 2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-016-3532-4"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battaglia M, Guaraldi F, Vannini F, Rossi G, Timoncini A, Buda R, Giannini S. Efficacy of ultrasound-guided intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma versus hyaluronic acid for hip osteoarthritis. Orthopedics. 2013","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20131120-13"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"Pertoldi S, Di Benedetto P. Shoulder-hand syndrome after stroke. A complex regional pain syndrome. Eura Medicophys. 2005"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo SF, Chu SW, Muo CH, Meng NH, Chou LW, Huang WC, Huang CM, Sung FC. Diabetes mellitus and accompanying hyperlipidemia are independent risk factors for adhesive capsulitis: A nationwide population-based cohort study (version 2) Rheumatol Int. 2014","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-013-2847-4"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley MJ, Shaffer MA, Kuhn JE, Michener LA, Seitz AL, Uhl TL, Godges JJ, McClure P. Shoulder Pain and Mobility Deficits: Adhesive Capsulitis. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther. 2013","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2013.0302"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reeves B. The natural history of the frozen shoulder syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol. 1975;4(4):193\u2013196.","DOI":"10.3109\/03009747509165255"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whelton C, Peach CA. Review of diabetic frozen shoulder. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2018;28(3):363\u2013371.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-017-2068-8"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong CK, Levine WN, Deo K, Kesting RS, Mercer EA, Schram GA, Strang BL. Natural history of frozen shoulder: fact or fiction? Physiotherapy. 2017;(103)(1):40\u201347. A systematic review.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2016.05.009"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"*** A systematic review which evaluates the clinical progression of adhesive capsulitis and concludes lack of benefit with conservative management."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Ewald A. Adhesive capsulitis: a review. Am Fam Physician. 2011"},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":"Rundquist PJ, Anderson DD, Guanche CA, Ludewig PM. Shoulder kinematics in subjects with frozen shoulder. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Wong PLK, Tan HCA. A review on frozen shoulder. 2010 Singapore Medical Journal."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim SJ, Gee AO, Hwang JM, Kwon JY. Determination of steroid injection sites using lidocaine test in adhesive capsulitis: A prospective randomized clinical trial. J Clin Ultrasound. 2015","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.22201"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts S, Dearne R, Keen S, Littlewood C, Taylor S, Deacon P. Routine X-rays for suspected frozen shoulder offer little over diagnosis based on history and clinical examination alone. 2019 Musculoskeletal Care.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physio.2018.11.239"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park S, Lee DH, Yoon SH, Lee HY, Kwack KS. Evaluation of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder with fat-suppressed T2-weighted MRI: Association between clinical features and MRI findings. Am J Roentgenol. 2016","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.15.15200"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Connell D, Padmanabhan R, Buchbinder R. Adhesive capsulitis: Role of MR imaging in differential diagnosis. Eur Radiol. 2002","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-002-1349-7"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee KH, Park HJ, Lee SY, Youn IY, Kim E, Park JH, Park SJ. Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder Joint. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2016","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000475"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tandon A, Dewan S, Bhatt S, Jain AK, Kumari R. Sonography in diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a case\u2013control study. J Ultrasound. 2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-017-0262-5"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu CH, Chen WS, Wang TG. Elasticity of the Coracohumeral Ligament in Patients with Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder. Radiology. 2016;278(2):458\u2013464.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015150888"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fields BKK, Skalski MR, Patel DB, White EA, Tomasian A, Gross JS, Matcuk GR. Adhesive capsulitis: review of imaging findings, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and treatment options. Skeletal Radiol. 2019;48(8):1171\u20131184.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-018-3139-6"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryan V, Brown H, Minns Lowe CJ, Lewis JS. The pathophysiology associated with primary (idiopathic) frozen shoulder: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17(1)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1190-9"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"*** A systematic review of the pathophysiological changes observable at each stage of adhesive capsulitis."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lho YM, Ha E, Cho CH, Song KS, Min BW, Bae KC, Lee KJ, Hwang I, Park HB. Inflammatory cytokines are overexpressed in the subacromial bursa of frozen shoulder. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2013;22(5):666\u2013672.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2012.06.014"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagiwara Y, Mori M, Kanazawa K, Ando A, Yabe Y, Koide M, Sekiguchi T, Itaya N, Tsuchiya M, Itoi E. Comparative proteome analysis of the capsule from patients with frozen shoulder. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2018;27(10):1770\u20138.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2018.03.010"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rangan A, Hanchard N, McDaid C. What is the most effective treatment for frozen shoulder? BMJ. 2016;354:i4162.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4162"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias R, Cutts S, Massoud S. Frozen shoulder. BMJ. 2005;331(7530):1453\u20131456.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7530.1453"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Green S, Buchbinder R, Hetrick SE. Physiotherapy interventions for shoulder pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;2:CD004258.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004258"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA. Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(7):514.","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2367"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vermeulen HM, Rozing PM, Obermann WR, le Cessie S, Vliet Vlieland TPM. Comparison of high-grade and low-grade mobilization techniques in the management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2006;86(3):355\u2013368.","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/86.3.355"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolin PM, Ingraffia-Welp A, Moreyra CE, Hutton WC. High-intensity stretch treatment for severe postoperative adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2016;59(4):242\u2013247.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2016.04.010"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim Y, Lee G. Immediate Effects of Angular Joint Mobilization (a New Concept of Joint Mobilization) on Pain, Range of Motion, and Disability in a Patient with Shoulder Adhesive Capsulitis: A Case Report. Am J Case Rep. 2017;18:148\u2013156.","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.900858"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekim AA, \u0130nal EE, G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc E, Hamarat H, Yorulmaz G, Mumcu G, Y\u0131lmazer \u015e, Kaya DS, Kuzgun S, \u00c7olak E, Orhan H. Continuous passive motion in adhesive capsulitis patients with diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled trial. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2016;29(4):779\u2013786.","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-160689"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgiannos D, Markopoulos G, Devetzi E, Bisbinas I. Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder. Is there Consensus Regarding the Treatment? A Comprehensive Review. Open Orthop J. 2017;11(1):65\u201376.","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001711010065"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchbinder R, Green S, Youd JM, Johnston RV. Oral steroids for adhesive capsulitis. 2006 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006189"},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"Widiastuti-Samekto M, Sianturi GP. Frozen shoulder syndrome: comparison of oral route corticosteroid and intra-articular corticosteroid injection. Med J Malaysia. 2004;59(3):312\u2013316."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hettrich CM, DiCarlo EF, Faryniarz D, Vadasdi KB, Williams R, Hannafin JA. The effect of myofibroblasts and corticosteroid injections in adhesive capsulitis. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2016;25(8):1274\u20131279.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2016.01.012"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulgen DY, Binder AI, Hazleman BL, Dutton J, Roberts S. Frozen shoulder: prospective clinical study with an evaluation of three treatment regimens. Ann Rheum Dis. 1984;43(3):353\u2013360.","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.43.3.353"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang W, Shi M, Zhou C, Shi Z, Cai X, Lin T, Yan S. Effectiveness of corticosteroid injections in adhesive capsulitis of shoulder. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96(28):e7529.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007529"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao RC, Walley KC, DeAngelis JP, Ramappa AJ. Corticosteroid Injections for Adhesive Capsulitis. Clin J Sport Med. 2017;27(3):308\u2013320.","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000358"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koh K. Corticosteroid injection for adhesive capsulitis in primary care: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Singapore Med J. 2016;57(12):646\u2013657.","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2016146"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lebrun CM. Ultrasound-guided corticosteroid injections for adhesive capsulitis more effective than placebo. Evid Based Med. 2016;21(2):71\u201371.","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmed-2015-110327"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song A, Higgins LD, Newman J, Jain NB. Glenohumeral Corticosteroid Injections in Adhesive Capsulitis: A Systematic Search and Review. PM&R. 2014;6(12):1143\u20131156.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2014.06.015"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carette S, Moffet H, Tardif J, Bessette L, Morin F, Fr\u00e9mont P, Bykerk V, Thorne C, Bell M, Bensen W, Blanchette C. Intraarticular corticosteroids, supervised physiotherapy, or a combination of the two in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: a placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(3):829\u2013838.","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10954"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwata H. Pharmacologic and clinical aspects of intraarticular injection of hyaluronate. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993;289:285\u2013291.","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199304000-00042"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamai K, Mashitori H, Ohno W, Hamada J, Sakai H, Saotome K. Synovial response to intraarticular injections of hyaluronate in frozen shoulder: a quantitative assessment with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. J Orthop Sci. 2004;9(3):230\u2013234.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00776-004-0766-7"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoong P, Duffy S, McKean D, Hujairi NP, Mansour R, Teh JL. Targeted ultrasound-guided hydrodilatation via the rotator interval for adhesive capsulitis. Skeletal Radiol. 2015;44(5):703\u2013708.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-014-2047-7"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris J, Griesser M, Copelan A, Jones G. Treatment of adhesive capsulitis with intra-articular hyaluronate: A systematic review. Int J Shoulder Surg. 2011;5(2):31.","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-6042.83194"},{"key":"ref59","unstructured":"Papalia R, Tecame A, Vadal\u00e0 G, Russo F, Perna M, Papalia G, Bressi F, Sterzi S, Denaro V. The use of hyaluronic acid in the treatment of shoulder capsulitis: a systematic review. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2017;31(4 Suppl 2):23\u201332."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim TK, Koh KH, Shon MS, Lee SW, Park YE, Yoo JC. Intra-articular Injection of Hyaluronate Versus Corticosteroid in Adhesive Capsulitis. Orthopedics. 2014;37(10):e860\u2013e865.","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20140924-51"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khenioui H, Houvenagel E, Catanzariti JF, Guyot MA, Agnani O, Donze C. Usefulness of intra-articular botulinum toxin injections. Jt Bone Spine. 2016;83(2):149\u2013154. A systematic review.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2015.10.001"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozkan K, Ozcekic AN, Sarar S, Cift H, Ozkan FU, Unay K. Suprascapular nerve block for the treatment of frozen shoulder. Saudi J Anaesth. 2012;6(1):52\u201355.","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.93061"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kili\u00e7 Z, Filiz MB, \u00c7akir T, Toraman NF. Addition of suprascapular nerve block to a physical therapy program produces an extra benefit to adhesive capsulitis: A randomized controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2015;94(10):912\u2013920.","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000336"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sonune SP, Gaur AK, Gupta S. Comparative study of ultrasound guided supra-scapular nerve block versus intra-articular steroid injection in frozen shoulder. Int J Res Orthop. 2016;2(4):387.","DOI":"10.18203\/issn.2455-4510.IntJResOrthop20164174"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung TW, Lee SY, Min SK, Lee SM, Yoo JC. Does Combining a Suprascapular Nerve Block With an Intra-articular Corticosteroid Injection Have an Additive Effect in the Treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis? A Comparison of Functional Outcomes After Short-term and Minimum 1-Year Follow-up. Orthop J Sport Med. 2019;7(7):232596711985927.","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967119859277"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saltychev M, Laimi K, Virolainen P, Fredericson M. Effectiveness of Hydrodilatation in Adhesive Capsulitis of Shoulder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2018 Scandinavian Journal of Surgery.","DOI":"10.1177\/1457496918772367"},{"key":"ref67","unstructured":"*** A meta-analaysis conducted to assess the efficacy of hydrodilation in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis and to assess injectate volume as a predictor of procedure success."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon JP, Chung SW, Kim JE, Kim HS, Lee HJ, Jeong WJ, Oh KS, Lee DO, Seo A, Kim Y. Intra-articular injection, subacromial injection, and hydrodilatation for primary frozen shoulder: A randomized clinical trial. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.11.009"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westerlund T, Smolander J, Uusitalo-Koskinen A, Mikkelsson M. The blood pressure responses to an acute and long-term whole-body cryotherapy (\u2212110\u00b0C) in men and women. J Therm Biol. 2004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2004.05.004"},{"key":"ref70","unstructured":"Hirvonen HE, Mikkelson MK, Kautiainen H, Pohjolainen TH, Leirsalo-Repo M. Effectiveness of different cryotherapies on pain and disease activity in active rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006 A randomised single blinded controlled trial."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nadler SF, Weingand K, Kruse RJ. The physiologic basis and clinical applications of cryotherapy and thermotherapy for the pain practitioner. Pain Physician. 2004","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2004\/7\/395"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma SY, Je HD, Jeong JH, Kim HY, Kim HD. Effects of whole-body cryotherapy in the management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2012.07.013"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badalamente MA, Wang ED, CORR\u00ae ORS Richard A Brand Award: Clinical Trials of a New Treatment Method for Adhesive Capsulitis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4862-8"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain M, Tripathy PR, Manik R, Tripathy S, Behera B, Barman A. Short term effect of yoga asana \u2013 An adjunct therapy to conventional treatment in frozen shoulder. J Ayurveda Integr Med. 2019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2018.12.007"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraal T, Beimers L, The B, Sierevelt I, van den Bekerom M, Eygendaal D. Manipulation under anaesthesia for frozen shoulders: outdated technique or well-established quick fix? EFORT Open Rev. 2019;4(3):98\u2013109.","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.4.180044"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahmy K, Seffinger MA. Manipulation Under Anesthesia Thaws Frozen Shoulder. 2018;118:485\u20136. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. NLM (Medline)","DOI":"10.7556\/jaoa.2018.106"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vastam\u00e4ki H, Varjonen L, Vastam\u00e4ki M. Optimal time for manipulation of frozen shoulder may be between 6 and 9 months. Scand J Surg. 2015;104(4):260\u2013266.","DOI":"10.1177\/1457496914566637"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods DA, Loganathan K. Recurrence of frozen shoulder after manipulation under anaesthetic (MUA) Bone Joint J. 2017;99-B(6):812\u2013817.","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.99B6.BJJ-2016-1133.R1"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacobs LG, Smith MG, Khan SA, Smith K, Joshi M. Manipulation or intra-articular steroids in the management of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder? J shoulder Elb Surg. 18(3):348\u2013353. A prospective randomized trial.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2009.02.002"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kivim\u00e4ki J, Pohjolainen T, Malmivaara A, Kannisto M, Guillaume J, Seitsalo S, Nissinen M. Manipulation under anesthesia with home exercises versus home exercises alone in the treatment of frozen shoulder: A randomized, controlled trial with 125 patients. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2007;16(6):722\u2013726.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2007.02.125"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ranalletta M, Rossi LA, Zaidenberg EE, Campos C, Ignacio T, Maignon GD, Bongiovanni SL. Midterm Outcomes After Arthroscopic Anteroinferior Capsular Release for the Treatment of Idiophatic Adhesive Capsulitis. Arthrosc \u2013 J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2017;33(3):503\u2013508.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2016.08.024"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barnes CP, Lam PH, Murrell GAC. Short-term outcomes after arthroscopic capsular release for adhesive capsulitis. J Shoulder Elb Surg. 2016;25(9):e256\u2013e264.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2015.12.025"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai MJ, Ho WP, Chen CH, Leu TH, Chuang TY. Arthroscopic extended rotator interval release for treating refractory adhesive capsulitis. J Orthop Surg. 2017;25(1):230949901769271.","DOI":"10.1177\/2309499017692717"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mubark IM, Ragab AH, Nagi AA, Motawea BA. Evaluation of the results of management of frozen shoulder using the arthroscopic capsular release. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 17;1:21\u201328.","DOI":"10.5604\/15093492.1143530"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith CD, Hamer P, Bunker TD. Arthroscopic capsular release for idiopathic frozen shoulder with intra-articular injection and a controlled manipulation. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2014;96(1):55\u201360.","DOI":"10.1308\/003588414X13824511650452"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snow M, Boutros I, Funk L. Posterior Arthroscopic Capsular Release in Frozen Shoulder. Arthrosc \u2013 J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2009;25(1):19\u201323.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2008.08.006"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanlei GL, Keong MW, Tijauw Tjoen DL. Do diabetic patients have different outcomes after arthroscopic capsular release for frozen shoulder? J Orthop. 2019;16(3):211\u2013215.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2019.02.003"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamaguchi K, Sethi N, Bauer GS. Postoperative pain control following arthroscopic release of adhesive capsulitis: a short-term retrospective review study of the use of an intra-articular pain catheter. Arthroscopy. 2002;18(4):359\u2013365.","DOI":"10.1053\/jars.2002.32311"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:27:50Z","timestamp":1791314870000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medworksmedia.com\/pb-article\/a-comprehensive-update-of-adhesive-capsulitis-and-minimally-invasive-treatment-options\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4S1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64719\/pb.4384","relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-2448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-2448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]}}}