{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:45:49Z","timestamp":1791380749439,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MedWorks Media","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychopharmacol Bull"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zolpidem is a widely used hypnotic. Dependence on zolpidem due to the induction of euphoria is a rare condition, while intranasal misuse of zolpidem is a rather new phenomenon. We present the first case of a patient who developed zolpidem dependence, which was associated with the prompt onset of euphoria exclusively following intranasal use. Mr. A was a 51-year-old polydrug abuser with antisocial personality disorder and a physical dependence on zolpidem. Over several years, he consumed 500 mg of the drug daily, usually divided into 30 mg doses, exclusively via the nasal route because unlike the oral administration of the same dose of the drug, intranasal administration induced euphoria. Euphoric effects manifested 3\u20135 minutes after taking the drug, and pronounced withdrawal symptoms (i.e., profuse sweating, tremors, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and inability to drink and eat), present 7\u20138 hours after the use could disappear within 3\u20135 minutes upon drug re-administration. The dependence was managed through a slow tapering of the zolpidem use. Clinicians should be aware that intranasal use of zolpidem could be associated with euphoric effects and the development of addiction. The potential for misuse of zolpidem via the nasal route may be of interest for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64719\/pb.4488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T11:39:16Z","timestamp":1761046756000},"page":"34-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Zolpidem Stimulant Effect and Dependence: A Case Report on Intranasal Use"],"prefix":"10.64719","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Branimir","family":"Margeti\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Alaber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54175","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Orsolini L, Chiappini S, Grandinetti P, Bruschi A, Testa R, Provenzano A, De Berardis D, Volpe U. \u2018Z-trip\u2019? A Comprehensive Overview and a Case-Series of Zolpidem Misuse. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2021;19(2):367\u2013387. doi: 10.9758\/cpn.2021.19.2.367. doi:","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2021.19.2.367"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bajaj V, Kalra I, Bajaj A, Sharma D, Kumar R. A Case of Zolpidem Dependence with Extremely High Daily Doses. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2019;11(4):e12356. doi: 10.1111\/appy.12356. doi:","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12356"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sabe M, Kashef H, Gironi C, Sentissi O. Zolpidem Stimulant Effect: Induced Mania Case Report and Systematic Review of Cases. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2019;94:109643. doi: 10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109643. doi:","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109643"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li CT, Su TP, Wang Y, Lee B, Toh M, Ho T. Pharmacokinetics of a Novel Zolpidem Nasal Spray for Rapid Management of Insomnia: First Trial in Humans. J Clin Sleep Med. 1459;201612(11) doi: 10.5664\/jcsm.6264. doi:","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6264"},{"key":"ref5","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien CP. Benzodiazepine Use, Abuse, and Dependence. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66(Suppl 2):28\u201333."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liappas IA, Malitas PN, Dimopoulos PN, Gitsa OE, Liappas AI, Nikolaou CH, Christodoulou GN. A Zolpidem and Cocaine Abuse Case Report. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2002;6(4):217\u2013219. doi: 10.1080\/136515002761581036. doi:","DOI":"10.1080\/136515002761581036"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rowlett JK, Platt DM, Lelas S, Atack JR, Dawson GR. Different GABA A Receptor Subtypes Mediate the Anxiolytic, Abuse-Related, and Motor Effects of Benzodiazepine-Like Drugs in Primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(3):915\u2013920. doi: 10.1073\/pnas.0405621102. doi:","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405621102"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liappas IA, Malitas PN, Dimopoulos NP, Gitsa OE, Liappas AI, Nikolaou ChK, Christodoulou GN. Zolpidem Dependence Case Series: Possible Neurobiological Mechanisms and Clinical Management. J Psychopharmacol. 2003;135;17(1) doi: 10.1177\/0269881103017001723. doi:","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881103017001723"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tan KR, Brown M, Labou\u00e8be G, Yvon C, Creton C, Fritschy JM, Rudolph U, L\u00fcscher C. Neural Bases for Addictive Properties of Benzodiazepines. Nature. 2010;463:769\u2013774. doi: 10.1038\/nature08758. doi:","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08758"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng T, Wallace DM, Ponteri B, Tuli M. Valium Without Dependence? Individual GABA A Receptor Subtype Contribution Toward Benzodiazepine Addiction, Tolerance, and Therapeutic Effects. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;14:1351\u20131361. doi: 10.2147\/NDT.S164307. doi:","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S164307"}],"container-title":["Psychopharmacology Bulletin"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:32:25Z","timestamp":1791315145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/medworksmedia.com\/pb-article\/zolpidem-stimulant-effect-and-dependence-a-case-report-on-intranasal-use\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64719\/pb.4488","relation":{},"ISSN":["2472-2448"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2472-2448","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]}}}