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Here, we test whether striatal activity can resolve and control actions as granular as distinct patterns of muscle co-contraction within the same limb. We developed a closed-loop system combining two-photon imaging and holographic optogenetics to identify and manipulate action-specific striatal ensembles in real time. Mice performed isometric push or pull actions engaging the same forelimb muscles with different activation patterns. Ensembles of both D1- and D2-spiny projection neurons encoded action identity with equal fidelity. Causal stimulation of small ensembles biased ongoing force, but only when the ensembles encoded the ongoing action. These results show that the striatum specifies and controls ongoing actions in real time at a previously unappreciated granularity, redefining its role in motor control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.12.03.692128","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:40:27Z","timestamp":1765212027000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Striatal ensembles specify and control ongoing actions at fine motor resolution"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4713-1361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Rodrigues-Vaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology; Columbia University; New York, USA"},{"name":"Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Allen Institute, Seattle, USA"},{"name":"Aligning Science Across Parkinson\u2019s (ASAP) 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