{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:19:44Z","timestamp":1792790384691,"version":"4.5.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":43,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","award":["R01 AI169739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI169739"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["K12 GM088021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12 GM088021"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04q48ey07","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To evaluate strategies for increasing vaccine efficacy, we assessed the ability of different classes of adjuvants to enhance vaccine-induced antibody responses to a Q\u03b2 bacteriophage virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine for malaria targeting the vulnerable L9 epitope from the circumsporozoite protein (CSP). From a panel of over a dozen adjuvants, five formulations significantly increased anti-CSP IgG titers and two also enhanced antibody durability. When assessed in a mouse malaria challenge model, immunization of mice with Q\u03b2 L9 VLPs plus either of two promising adjuvants, Cquim-MA and LQ, elicited sterilizing protection when mice were challenged soon after vaccination and also six months later. This study identifies promising adjuvants with different formulations that enhance both the magnitude of CSP-targeting antibodies and the longevity of VLP-induced immunity.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Effective pre-erythrocytic\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    vaccines targeting CSP must elicit strong and durable antibody responses. Current malaria vaccines are effective soon after immunization, but their efficacy decreases as antibody titers wane. Here, we evaluated the compatibility of a diverse panel of novel adjuvants in combination with a nanoparticle-based vaccine that targets an epitope within CSP that is particularly vulnerable to antibodies. Two adjuvants, with different formulations and mechanisms of action, elicited strong and durable antibody responses in mice and could elicit short-and long-term sterilizing immunity from malaria infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.12.05.692661","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T02:45:10Z","timestamp":1765334710000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of Adjuvants that Enhance the Magnitude and Durability of Antibody Responses to a Nanoparticle-Based Malaria Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Yogesh","family":"Nepal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Francian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yevel","family":"Flores-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryce T.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabia","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett","family":"Wondra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"Demierre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Formulation Institute, 1228 Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Falko","family":"Apel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Formulation Institute, 1228 Plan-Les-Ouates, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fidel","family":"Zavala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. 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