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HIV-1 provides a striking example of a large complex that must traverse this dynamic landscape to access integration sites within transcriptionally active regions. Here, we combine a functional nuclear import system with correlative cryo-electron tomography to visualize chromatin architecture and HIV-1 cores\n                  <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                  during nuclear penetration. Native nucleosomes resolved at 5.6 \u00c5 reveal four structural classes, from compact conformations at the nuclear periphery to open, flexible forms in the interior, defining a spatially heterogeneous and dynamic chromatin landscape. Within this environment, HIV-1 cores decorated with nuclear factors exclude nearby nucleosomes and preferentially associate with open chromatin. Disruption of CPSF6\u2013capsid interactions abolishes these associations, confining viral cores to peripheral chromatin. These findings establish an\n                  <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                  framework linking chromatin structure and dynamics to HIV-1 nuclear trafficking and provide a structural basis for viral navigation within the dynamic nuclear landscape.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.12.12.693995","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T02:50:14Z","timestamp":1765594214000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>In situ<\/i>\n                  chromatin dynamics and HIV-1 nuclear trafficking"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Zhen","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David I.","family":"Stuart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1803-691X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK"},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biochem.5c00114","article-title":"Always on the Move: Overview on Chromatin Dynamics within Nuclear Processes","volume":"64","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/38444"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4139.868"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(75)90149-X"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.99.1.42"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2020.10.038"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.02.001"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2011.05.006"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1514","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1514","article-title":"Membraneless nuclear organelles and the search for phases within phases","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00048-22"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1207"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.24.13412-13417.2003"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.08.022","article-title":"Cell cycle regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integration in T cells: antagonistic effects of nuclear envelope breakdown and chromatin condensation","volume":"329","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.162"},{"key":"2026011005400695000_2025.12.12.693995v3.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fassati A . 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