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This study demonstrates phase diversity (PD), a computational imaging technique, to address residual aberrations and enhance image quality in adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO). By using images of the same object obtained with and without deliberately added aberrations, PD computes and compensates for the effects of existing residual aberrations beyond those corrected by a closed-loop AO system. Experimental validation demonstrates that PD improves visualization of retinal microstructures, including cone mosaics and dendrites of fluorescently labeled retinal ganglion cells (RGCs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.12.16.694208","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T06:05:12Z","timestamp":1766124312000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phase diversity improves retinal image quality in adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0016-5612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongyi","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eryk","family":"Druszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4574-3935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara S.","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Parkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliette E.","family":"Mcgregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William H.","family":"Merigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Fienup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2025122210001135000_2025.12.16.694208v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.485371"},{"key":"2025122210001135000_2025.12.16.694208v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207102"},{"key":"2025122210001135000_2025.12.16.694208v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.14.007144"},{"key":"2025122210001135000_2025.12.16.694208v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.24.002334","article-title":"Calibration and precompensation of noncommon path aberrations for extreme adaptive optics","volume":"24","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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