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Here, we integrate six single-cell transcriptomics datasets derived from human embryonic spinal cord tissue spanning gestational weeks 4-25 to generate a reference atlas of early human somatosensory circuit development. The atlas reveals molecular signatures underlying expansion and specialization of dI4 and dI5 interneuron populations associated with mechanosensory and nociceptive processing. Guided by this resource, we established a neuromesodermal progenitor\u2013based differentiation approach that generates dorsal interneurons spanning anterior\u2013posterior identities. Comparison of\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  dI4\/dI5 subclasses identified conserved gene networks associated with sensory modalities and revealed enrichment of autism spectrum disorder\u2013associated genes within mechanosensory interneuron populations. Together, these findings clarify how human dorsal spinal interneuron diversity is established.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.12.22.696129","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T09:55:14Z","timestamp":1766570114000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>In vivo<\/i>\n                  human embryonic spinal cord atlas validates stem cell\u2013derived human dorsal interneurons and reveals ASD spinal signatures"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Sandeep","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Heinrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salena","family":"Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talin","family":"Dermirjie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRM Bridges to Research Program, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teny","family":"Panosian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRM Bridges to Research Program, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anooshik","family":"Tahmasian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRM Bridges to Research Program, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahir","family":"Verdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRM Bridges to Research Program, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9491-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha J.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Intellectual & Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026041110251280000_2025.12.22.696129v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mensah, E.O. , et al. 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