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Engineered viral vectors have been used to target the neuromodulatory systems of the nonhuman primate brain (Y. Chen et al., 2023; El-Shamayleh et al., 2016; Gray et al., 2010; Lerchner et al., 2014; Perez et al., 2022). However, a conspicuous obstacle to the isolation and modulation of specific pathways is the inability of many retrogradely infecting viruses to transduce dopaminergic (DA) cells efficiently (Tervo et al., 2016; Cushnie et al., 2020; Weiss et al., 2020). We compare the DA neuron retrograde transduction efficacy of four viral vectors after injection into the striatum of nonhuman primates (NHP). Selectivity was assessed by comparing the neuronal co-expression of fluorescent reporter protein and tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) antibody in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The rabies pseudotyped lentiviral vector, FuG-B2, produced superior retrograde transduction of DA cells to FuG-C or FuG-E. AAV2.retro was the least effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.07.697726","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T15:45:24Z","timestamp":1767887124000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Retrograde transduction of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra of rhesus monkey"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2451-5939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anya S.","family":"Plotnikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. 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