{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T14:53:56Z","timestamp":1768056836989,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"group-title":"Genetic and Genomic Medicine","reference-count":110,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic, serious psychiatric disorder that affects 2-3% of the population and is associated with high personal and societal costs. Genetic factors are estimated to explain roughly half the risk of developing OCD, and genomic studies are just beginning to identify common and rare genetic variants mediating this risk. A major goal of genomic studies is to yield insights into the etiology of OCD and identify molecular targets for the development of novel therapeutics. However, the overwhelming majority of subjects in existing genetic studies are of European ancestry, limiting the generalizability of these findings. To address this gap in understanding, we established the Black EquaLity in OCD NeuroGenomics (BELONG) study (\n                  <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/belongocd.com\/\">https:\/\/belongocd.com\/<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  ). BELONG aims to collect DNA and clinical data from 1,250 richly phenotyped OCD cases of African ancestry in a culturally sensitive manner. In addition, BELONG includes the collection of parental DNA samples for trio-based analyses and unrelated matched controls for case-control analysis. DNA samples will be sequenced using optimized approaches that will allow us to examine both rare and common genome-wide variation to identify OCD risk genes. We will also meta-analyze these data with other existing OCD genomic data. Overall, BELONG will increase the representation of Black Americans in OCD genetic research, which is necessary to generalize precision medicine discoveries in psychiatric genetics.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.08.26343678","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T10:25:18Z","timestamp":1767954318000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Black EquaLity in OCD NeuroGenomics (BELONG): Study Protocol"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Iasha J.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dalia Y.","family":"Marquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kara E.","family":"Lopez-lengowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malini","family":"Bommiasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ogechi Cynthia","family":"Onyeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Slayton J.","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana E.","family":"Avery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Gluckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thariana","family":"Pichardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rhea","family":"Chandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulu","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Mangen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma Grace","family":"Choplin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Black EquaLity in OCD NeuroGenomics (BELONG) Study Team","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonyia C.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Buxbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Storch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Crowley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sidney H.","family":"Hankerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorothy E.","family":"Grice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Division of Tics, OCD, and Related Disorders, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association,. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.07.018","article-title":"Development and validation of the DISCUS scale: A reliable short measure for assessing experienced discrimination in people with mental health problems on a global level","volume":"212","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08020320"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.01.011"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.5","first-page":"1224","article-title":"A population-based family clustering study of tic-related obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"26","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902094","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.902094","article-title":"The differential impact of COVID-19 on mental health: Implications of ethnicity, sexual orientation, and disability status in the United States","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2656","article-title":"Familial clustering of tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"72","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.8","first-page":"1035","article-title":"De Novo Damaging DNA Coding Mutations Are Associated With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Overlap With Tourette\u2019s Disorder and Autism. Biol","volume":"87","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318258f744"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1422-z","article-title":"Missed diagnoses in African Americans with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders (SCID-I)","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.02.004"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00130-8"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowley JJ , Cappi C , Ochoa-Panaifo ME , Frederick RM , Kook M , Wiese AD , Rancourt D , Atkinson EG , Giusti-Rodriguez P , Anderberg JL , Latin American Trans-ancestry INitiative for OCD genomics (LATINO), Brazilian Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorder Working Group (GTTOC), Abramowitz JS , Adorno VR , Aguirre C , Alves GS , Alves GS , Ancalade N , Arellano Espinosa AA , Arnold PD , Ayton DM , Barbosa IG , Bar\u00f3n Castano LM , Barrera CN , Bel\u00e9n Prieto M , Berardo MC , Berrones D , Best JR , Bigdeli TB , Burton CL , Callahan JL , Carneiro MCB , Cepeda SL , Chazelle E , Chire JM , Churruca Munoz M , Claisse Quiroz P , Cobite J , Comer JS , Costa DL , Crosbie J , Cruz VO , Dager G , Daza LF , de la Rosa-G\u00f3mez A , Del R\u00edo D , Delage FZ , Dreher CB , Fay L , Fazio T , Ferr\u00e3o YA , Ferreira GM , Figueroa EG , Fontenelle LF , Forero DA , Fragoso DT , Gadad BS , Garrison SR , Gonz\u00e1lez A , Gonzalez LD , Gonz\u00e1lez MA , Gonzalez-Barrios P , Goodman W , Guintivano J , Guttfreund DG , Guzick AG , Halvorsen MW , Hovey JD , Janssen-Aguilar R , Jensen M , Jimenez Reynolds AZ , Ju\u00e1rez Lujambio JA , Khalfe N , Knutsen MA , Lack C , Lanzagorta N , Lima MO , Longhurst MO , Lozada Martinez DA , Luna ES , Marques AH , Martinez M , Matos M de LA , Maye CE , McGuire JF , Menezes G , Minaya C , Mi\u00f1o T , Mithani SM , Montes de Oca C , Morales-Rivero A , Moreira-de-Oliveira ME , Morris OJ , Mu\u00f1oz SI , Naqqash Z , N\u00fa\u00f1ez Bracho AA , N\u00fa\u00f1ez Bracho BE , Ochoa Rojas MC , et al. 2023. Latin American Trans-ancestry INitiative for OCD genomics (LATINO): Study Protocol. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.02.23.23286373"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeFelice M , Grimsby JL , Howrigan D , Yuan K , Chapman SB , Stevens C , DeLuca S , Townsend M , Buxbaum J , Pericak-Vance M , Qin S , Stein DJ , Teferra S , Xavier RJ , Huang H , Martin AR , Neale BM. 2024. Blended Genome Exome (BGE) as a Cost Efficient Alternative to Deep Whole Genomes or Arrays. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.03.587209"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.115"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.17","unstructured":"First MB , Williams JBW. 2020. Quick Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders (QuickSCID-5). 61 p."},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.11.001"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08071006"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-016-9170-9","article-title":"Uncovering obsessive-compulsive disorder risk genes in a pediatric cohort by high-resolution analysis of copy number variation","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1989.01810110048007"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.20111601"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.23","first-page":"695","article-title":"Investigational and Experimental Drugs to Treat Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.04.011","article-title":"Don\u2019t Worry, the Genetics of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Is Finally Catching Up","volume":"87","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.25","first-page":"50","article-title":"Generalizing polygenic risk scores from Europeans to Hispanics\/Latinos. Genet","volume":"43","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guy W. 1976. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. 612 p.","DOI":"10.1037\/e591322011-001"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00876-8"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.28","first-page":"576","article-title":"Racial differences in symptoms, comorbidity, and treatment for major depressive disorder among black and white adults","volume":"103","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Natl. Med. Assoc"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.21101000","article-title":"The Intergenerational Impact of Structural Racism and Cumulative Trauma on Depression","volume":"179","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2015.0012","article-title":"Treatment disparities among African American men with depression: implications for clinical practice","volume":"26","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.05.040"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003671"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20434"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/NRG.2017.89"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.2200"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.12.012"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800360042006"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.3536","article-title":"Novel Alzheimer Disease Risk Loci and Pathways in African American Individuals Using the African Genome Resources Panel: A Meta-analysis","volume":"78","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-009-0013-9"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/17542863.2017.1356337","article-title":"The Development and Initial Validation of the Child Perceived Discrimination Questionnaire","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cult Ment Health"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-023-03574-z","article-title":"Development of the PROMIS pediatric stigma and extension to the PROMIS pediatric stigma: skin item banks","volume":"33","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2013.01.005","article-title":"Preliminary assessment of obsessive\u2013compulsive spectrum disorder scales for DSM-5","volume":"2","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-014-0491-1","article-title":"Child-Report of Family Accommodation in Pediatric Anxiety Disorders: Comparison and Integration with Mother-Report","volume":"46","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.21998"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2009.11.1\/jfleckman","article-title":"Symptom dimensions and subtypes of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a developmental perspective","volume":"11","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20669"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenhard F , Aspvall K , Andersson E , Ahlen J , Serlachius E , Lavner M , Brodin A , Mataix-Cols D . 2021. The Cost of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Swedish Youth. Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01261-z"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabi6180","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi6180","article-title":"De novo mutations identified by whole-genome sequencing implicate chromatin modifications in obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-022-01408-2"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721001744"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahjani B , Gustavsson Mahjani C , Reichenberg A , Sandin S , Hultman CM , Buxbaum JD , Grice DE . 2022. Psychometric properties of the Swedish translation of the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised and the population characteristics of the symptom dimensions of OCD. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02231-z"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.01.006","article-title":"Maternal Effects as Causes of Risk for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder","volume":"87","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahjani B , Rubeis SD , Mahjani CG , Mulhern M , Xu X , Klei L , Satterstrom FK , Fu J , Talkowski ME , Reichenberg A , Sandin S , Hultman CM , Grice DE , Roeder K , Devlin B , Buxbaum JD . 2021b. Prevalence and phenotypic impact of rare likely pathogenic variants in autism spectrum disorder. Molecular Autism 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-021-00465-3"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.09.005"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.22083"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0379-x"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.215"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.6.564"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.04.022"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2012.01.2528","article-title":"The nature, assessment, and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"124","year":"2012","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22389"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.1810","article-title":"Addressing Structural Racism and Inequities in Depression Care","volume":"78","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2012.08.020"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3746"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20303"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.051"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1016-y"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.54.3.271"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.10111704"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.164.7.1035"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.2973"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13772"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2008.94"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.016"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.12.036"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199706000-00023"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2003.92.2.548"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05305whi"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.167.1.99"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0092-1"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20382"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.05.029","article-title":"Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Children\u2019s Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Second Edition","volume":"58","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018492"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Strom NI , Gerring ZF , Galimberti M , Yu D , Halvorsen MW , Abdellaoui A , Rodriguez-Fontenla C , Sealock JM , Bigdeli T , Coleman JR , Mahjani B , Thorp JG , Bey K , Burton CL , Luykx JJ , Zai G , Alemany S , Andre C , Askland KD , B\u00e4ckman J , Banaj N , Barlassina C , Nissen JB , Bienvenu OJ , Black D , Bloch MH , B\u00f8rte S , Bosch R , Breen M , Brennan BP , Brentani H , Buxbaum JD , Bybjerg-Grauholm J , Byrne EM , Cabana-Dominguez J , Camarena B , Camarena A , Cappi C , Carracedo A , Casas M , Cavallini MC , Ciullo V , Cook EH , Crosby J , Cullen BA , De Schipper EJ , Delorme R , Djurovic S , Elias JA , Estivill X , Falkenstein MJ , Fundin BT , Garner L , Gironda C , Goes FS , Grados MA , Grove J , Guo W , Haavik J , Hagen K , Harrington K , Havdahl A , H\u00f6ffler KD , Hounie AG , Hucks D , Hultman C , Janecka M , Jenike E , Karlsson EK , Kelley K , Klawohn J , Krasnow JE , Krebs K , Lange C , Lanzagorta N , Levey D , Lindblad-Toh K , Macciardi F , Maher B , Mathes B , McArthur E , McGregor N , McLaughlin NC , Meier S , Miguel EC , Mulhern M , Nestadt PS , Nurmi EL , O\u2019Connell KS , Osiecki L , Ousdal OT , Palviainen T , Pedersen NL , Piras F , Piras F , Potluri S , Rabionet R , Ramirez A , et al. 2025. Genome-wide analyses identify 30 loci associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Nat Genet.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.03.13.24304161"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.89","unstructured":"Strom NI , Gerring ZF , Galimberti M , Yu D , Halvorsen MW , Abdellaoui A , Rodriguez-Fontenla C , Sealock JM , Bigdeli T , Coleman JRI , Mahjani B , Thorp JG , Bey K , Burton CL , Luykx JJ , Zai G , Alemany S , Andre C , Askland KD , Banaj N , Barlassina C , Nissen JB , Bienvenu OJ , Black D , Bloch MH , Boberg J , Borte S , Bosch R , Breen M , Brennan BP , Brentani H , Buxbaum JD , Bybjerg-Grauholm J , Byrne EM , Cabana-Dominguez J , Camarena B , Camarena A , Cappi C , Carracedo A , Casas M , Cavallini MC , Ciullo V , Cook EH , Crosby J , Cullen BAM , Schipper EJD , Delorme R , Djurovic S , Elias JA , Estivill X , Falkenstein MJ , Fundin BT , Garner L , German C , Gironda C , Goes FS , Grados MA , Grove J , Guo W , Haavik J , Hagen K , Harrington K , Havdahl A , Hoeffler KD , Hounie AG , Hucks D , Hultman C , Janecka M , Jenike E , Karlsson EK , Kelley K , Klawohn J , Krasnow JE , Krebs K , Lange C , Lanzagorta N , Levey D , Lindblad-Toh K , Macciardi F , Maher B , Mathes B , McArthur E , McGregor N , McLaughlin NC , Meier S , Miguel EC , Mulhern M , Nestadt PS , Nurmi EL , O\\textquoterightConnell KS , Osiecki L , Ousdal OT , Palviainen T , Pedersen NL , Piras F , Piras F , Potluri S , Rabionet R , et al. 2024. Genome-wide association study identifies 30 obsessive-compulsive disorder associated loci. medRxiv."},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/s41397-020-00200-w","article-title":"Population impact of pharmacogenetic tests in admixed populations across the Americas","volume":"21","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007309"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svob C , Lin SX , Cheslack-Postava K , Bresnahan M , Goodwin RD , Skokauskas N , Musa GJ , Hankerson SH , Dreher DR , Ryan M , Hsu Y-J , Jonsson-Cohen A-L , Hoven CW . 2023. Religiosity, Mental Health and Substance Use among Black and Hispanic Adults during the First Six Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20095632"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.09.008"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61817-6"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191116638410"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.10.051","article-title":"Comorbidity variation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder according to symptom dimensions: Results from a large multicentre clinical sample","volume":"190","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32652","article-title":"Genetic correlations among psychiatric and immune-related phenotypes based on genome-wide association data. Am. J. Med. Genet","volume":"177","year":"2018","journal-title":"B Neuropsychiatr. Genet"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2018.0140"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2012.02.009"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2012.03.004","article-title":"Symptom dimensions in two samples of Africans Americans with obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"1","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1037\/ort0000188","article-title":"Obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder in African American children and adolescents: Risks, resiliency, and barriers to treatment","volume":"87","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthopsychiatry"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2017.07.001","article-title":"Demographic and health-related correlates of obsessive-compulsive symptoms among African Americans","volume":"14","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obsessive Compuls. Relat. Disord"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2020.100592","article-title":"Cross-cultural differences in the presentation and expression of OCD in Black individuals: A systematic review","volume":"27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1310-4"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.106","unstructured":"World Health Organization,. 1992. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization."},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000165"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarrei M , Burton CL , Engchuan W , Young EJ , Higginbotham EJ , MacDonald JR , Trost B , Chan AJS , Walker S , Lamoureux S , Heung T , Mojarad BA , Kellam B , Paton T , Faheem M , Miron K , Lu C , Wang T , Samler K , Wang X , Costain G , Hoang N , Pellecchia G , Wei J , Patel RV , Thiruvahindrapuram B , Roifman M , Merico D , Goodale T , Drmic I , Speevak M , Howe JL , Yuen RKC , Buchanan JA , Vorstman JAS , Marshall CR , Wintle RF , Rosenberg DR , Hanna GL , Woodbury-Smith M , Cytrynbaum C , Zwaigenbaum L , Elsabbagh M , Flanagan J , Fernandez BA , Carter MT , Szatmari P , Roberts W , Lerch J , Liu X , Nicolson R , Georgiades S , Weksberg R , Arnold PD , Bassett AS , Crosbie J , Schachar R , Stavropoulos DJ , Anagnostou E , Scherer SW . 2019. A large data resource of genomic copy number variation across neurodevelopmental disorders. npj Genomic Medicine 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525-019-0098-3"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1037\/1099-9809.5.2.134","article-title":"Ethnic characteristics of mental disorders in five U.S. communities","volume":"5","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol"},{"key":"2026011004151285000_2026.01.08.26343678v1.110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0184-y"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.01.08.26343678","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T12:15:24Z","timestamp":1768047324000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.01.08.26343678"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"references-count":110,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.01.08.26343678","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}