{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:43:21Z","timestamp":1792194201442,"version":"4.4.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":55,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AI151171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI151171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["5T32AI007414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5T32AI007414"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Department of Education","award":["P116Z230024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P116Z230024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Ecological interactions between bacteria and nematodes in many environments provide a basis for the prediction that diverse bacteria produce anti-nematode compounds. The discovery of microbial secondary metabolites with broad-spectrum nematostatic or nematicidal properties can be hastened by drug screening approaches that include several nematode species and phenotypes. We cultured a collection of 22 soil-derived bacterial isolates that carry in their genomes putative pathways for production of unknown secondary metabolites. Isolates were cultured in various media to enhance natural product diversity and yield, and we evaluated culture filtrates for activity against two evolutionarily distinct nematode species: Clade V free-living nematode\n                  <jats:italic>Caenorhabditis elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                  and Clade III mammalian parasitic nematodes in the genus\n                  <jats:italic>Brugia<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Partitioned extracts from\n                  <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                  sp. strain TE4607 stunted\n                  <jats:italic>C. elegans<\/jats:italic>\n                  development and caused motility defects in both blood-circulating larval and adult stages of\n                  <jats:italic>Brugia<\/jats:italic>\n                  . The primary active compound was identified as labradorin 1, an indole with known antibacterial and anticancer properties that had not been previously described as affecting nematodes. Notably, filtrates of\n                  <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                  sp. TE4607 cultures attracted free-living nematodes in sensory assays, adding to evidence that certain\n                  <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                  species modulate the behavior of free-living nematodes. These findings underscore the need to further explore the link between nematode sensory responses and whole-organism effects of microbial metabolites, with potential applications in anthelmintic discovery.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Abstract Figure<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:fig id=\"ufig1\" position=\"float\" orientation=\"portrait\" fig-type=\"figure\">\n                    <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"700618v1_ufig1\" position=\"float\" orientation=\"portrait\"\/>\n                  <\/jats:fig>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.20.700618","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T02:50:18Z","timestamp":1768963818000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nematicidal indole oxazoles and chemoattractants from soil bacteria"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2051-7969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaetlyn T","family":"Ryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1969-7111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia M","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4541-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris S","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Research and Development, Forensic Fluids Laboratory, Plymouth MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7209-0717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc G","family":"Chevrette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2807-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martel L","family":"DenHartog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-5686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin J","family":"Labby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Beloit College, Beloit, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6121-8607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9233-1760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Zamanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3488-5030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo","family":"Handelsman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u00e9zal, L. & F\u00e9lix, M.-A. C. elegans outside the Petri dish. Elife 4, (2015).","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.05849"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.4.1693","article-title":"Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin susceptibility and isolation of resistance mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"155","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.9.5202-5207.2002"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01440-22"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1895\/wormbook.1.123.1"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01677063.2020.1802724"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj4387"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15030590","article-title":"An exploration of the chemical signals and neural pathways driving the attraction of Meloidogyne incognita and Caenorhabditis elegans to favorable bacteria","volume":"15","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agronomy (Basel"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05946.x"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52227-3"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.11.035"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007276107"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6308762"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.45.692"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060640","article-title":"Soil-borne nematodes: Impact in agriculture and livestock and sustainable strategies of prevention and control with special reference to the use of nematode natural enemies","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2024.100679","article-title":"Control of companion animal parasites and impact on One Health","volume":"18","year":"2024","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101103","article-title":"Unearthing roundworms: Nematodes as determinants of human health","volume":"21","year":"2025","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)90094-9"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(97)00107-6"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S332378"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00562-3"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48720-1"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-023-04435-8","article-title":"Multivariate chemogenomic screening prioritizes new macrofilaricidal leads","volume":"6","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.05.004"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurley, A. et al. Tiny Earth: A big idea for STEM education and antibiotic discovery. MBio 12, (2021).","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03432-20"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1439-7633(20020703)3:7<619::AID-CBIC619>3.0.CO;2-9"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010937"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0070702"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.11.009","article-title":"Activity of novel nicotinic anthelmintics in cut preparations of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"41","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11221.1","article-title":"Screening and identification of novel biologically active natural compounds","volume":"6","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2017.03.075","article-title":"Novel bioactive molecules from Lentzea violacea strain AS 08 using one strain-many compounds (OSMAC) approach","volume":"27","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2017.21"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1021\/np020173x","article-title":"Isolation of labradorins 1 and 2 from Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens","volume":"65","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Broberg, A. , Bjerketorp, J. , Andersson, P. , Sahlberg, C. & Levenfors, J. J. Labradorins with antibacterial activity produced by Pseudomonas sp. Molecules 22, (2017).","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22071072"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X. , Wang, Y. , Zaleta-Pinet, D. A. , Borris, R. P. & Clark, B. R. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity of pyrones from a Pseudomonas mosselii strain. Antibiotics (Basel ) 11, (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111655"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8781","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202014491","article-title":"A desaturase-like enzyme catalyzes oxazole formation in Pseudomonas indolyloxazole alkaloids","volume":"60","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed Engl"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2020.131835","article-title":"First discovery of pimprinine derivatives and analogs as novel potential herbicidal, insecticidal and nematicidal agents","volume":"79","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1607183113"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.204.10.1757"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)80053-H"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002672"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2314077121"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001261"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky901"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab776"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/4019"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1895\/wormbook.1.101.1"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.pex-1916\/v2"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.pex-1918\/v2"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","article-title":"Welcome to the tidyverse","volume":"4","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146021"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.53","first-page":"e2740","article-title":"Plate assay to determine Caenorhabditis elegans response to water soluble and volatile chemicals","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bio Protoc"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X11000605"},{"key":"2026020608503568000_2026.01.20.700618v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2007.12.006"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.01.20.700618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T16:50:45Z","timestamp":1770396645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.01.20.700618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":55,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.01.20.700618","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}