{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:23:30Z","timestamp":1785421410532,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":78,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["R01AI170928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI170928"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  In anticipation of future coronavirus (CoV) pandemics, developing vaccines that elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against diverse CoVs is critical. Here, we vaccinated rhesus macaques with SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-protein, then boosted with heterologous \u03b2-CoV S-proteins to focus responses to common conserved S2 bnAb epitopes. Initial SARS-CoV-2 priming elicited receptor-binding domain (RBD)-focused responses, while MERS-CoV boosting redirected responses toward the S2 region, including the stem-helix bnAb site. Although S2-directed serum cross-neutralization was undetectable and most isolated cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeted non-neutralizing epitopes, two S2 stem-helix mAbs were identified from memory B cells. These bnAbs neutralized diverse sarbeco- and merbecoviruses, including MERS-CoV, and conferred robust\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Structural studies revealed that these macaque bnAbs closely mimic human S2-stem bnAbs induced by infection. These findings provide proof-of-principle for vaccination strategies that elicit broadly protective \u03b2-coronavirus responses and highlight non-human primates as a translational model for evaluating S2-targeted immunogens.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.22.700386","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T23:25:14Z","timestamp":1769210714000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heterologous betacoronavirus spike immunization in nonhuman primates elicits cross-reactive antibodies that neutralize both sarbeco- and merbecoviruses"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Katharina","family":"Dueker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA"},{"name":"Consortium for HIV\/AIDS Vaccine Development 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