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Teleost fishes have repeatedly transitioned from benthic to pelagic habitats, often evolving predictable changes in body shape that enhance hydrodynamic efficiency. While freshwater sculpins (Cottidae, Perciformes) are usually benthic, two genera in Lake Baikal,\n                  <jats:italic>Comephorus<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>Cottocomephorus<\/jats:italic>\n                  , have independently evolved into midwater niches. As sculpins lack a swim bladder, these lineages instead improved buoyancy through reduced skeletal density and increased lipid stores. Using micro-computed tomography and two-dimensional morphometrics, we characterized skeletal evolution across the Baikal sculpin radiation. We found that parallel changes in bone mineral density and microstructure independently evolved in the two pelagic clades. Density reductions occurred throughout the skull in pelagic species. The basibranchials and neurocranium exhibited the lowest overall bone density across all cranial elements. While the jaws maintained the highest absolute density values among the bones we measured, they also showed the greatest proportional reduction in density associated with pelagic habitat use, with a 56.86% decrease in percentage hydroxyapatite and a 21.39% increase in porosity. Morphometric analyses further identified convergence toward an elongate body shape, reduced and posteriorly shifted eyes, and elevated fin insertion in pelagic taxa. These results demonstrate a repeated skeletal lightening and body shape changes accompanying benthic-to-pelagic transitions. This pattern mirrors other benthic-to-pelagic transitions in teleosts that lack swim bladders, highlighting shared biomechanical and microstructural solutions to life in the open water.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.22.701097","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:25:11Z","timestamp":1769214311000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Convergent reduction in skeletal density during benthic to pelagic transitions in Baikal sculpins"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Brayan A.","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0335-0682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Larouche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Loetzerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2026-5829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mackenzie E.","family":"Gerringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5049-887X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kory M.","family":"Evans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4409-9597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9997-6294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei","family":"Kirilchik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Limnological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9083-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael W.","family":"Sandel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA"},{"name":"Forest and Wildlife Research Center, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3631-4514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Daane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026020502490541000_2026.01.22.701097v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035","article-title":"Geomorph: An R package for the collection and analysis of geometric morphometric shape data","volume":"4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2026020502490541000_2026.01.22.701097v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8570","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27833","article-title":"Prospect of mesenchymal stem cells in therapy of osteoporosis: A review: AGHEBATI-MALEKI","volume":"234","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Physiology"},{"key":"2026020502490541000_2026.01.22.701097v1.3","unstructured":"Aleev, Y. 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