{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T23:08:30Z","timestamp":1770332910659,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":74,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Initiative to Maximize Student Development (IMSD) T32 Training Grant sponsored by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["T32GM148752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32GM148752"]}]},{"name":"Douglass Award"},{"name":"Texas Biomed Forum Awards"},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["U19 AI171403"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI171403"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["R01 109022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 109022"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["R01 AI161363"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI161363"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NIAID","award":["75N93021C00014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75N93021C00014"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002590","name":"American Lung Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  The continuous emergence of variants of concern (VoC) represent a significant challenge to effectively control SARS-CoV-2. Although FDA-approved vaccines and antivirals have been successfully developed and implemented for the prophylactic and therapeutic intervention of SARS-CoV-2 infection, recent VoC could escape protection garnered by previous vaccine and antiviral approaches. Determining the efficacy of prophylactics and\/or therapeutics against recent VoC will assist in efficiently controlling currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains. We used our previously described bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based reverse genetics approach for Omicron BA.5 to generate a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 BA.5 encoding a fusion of ZsGreen to Nanoluciferase (rBA.5 ZsG-Nluc) from the locus of the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein separated by the porcine teschovirus-1 (PTV-1) 2A proteolytic cleavage site. The rBA5 ZsG-Nluc replicates to levels comparable to recombinant BA.5 wild-type (rBA.5 WT) and expresses high levels of ZsG and Nluc in cultured cells. This facilitates tracking viral infection and the identification of antivirals and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) with EC\n                  <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                  and NT\n                  <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                  values, respectively, similar to those obtained with rBA.5 WT. Importantly, in K18 hACE2 mice, rBA.5 ZsG-Nluc retains the same pathogenicity and ability to replicate in the lungs of infected mice as rBA.5 WT. Using rBA.5 ZsG-Nluc, we detected Nluc activity systemically and Nluc and ZsG expression in the lungs of infected mice using an\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  imaging system (IVIS). Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using rBA.5 ZsG-Nluc to track viral infections and identify prophylactics and therapeutics against recent SARS-CoV-2 VoC\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  , and\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  .\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    SARS-CoV-2, the causative virus of the COVID-19 pandemic, is continually evolving to escape immunity acquired by previous natural infections or vaccinations. Moreover, recent SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoC) have acquired antiviral resistant mutations to FDA-approved drugs. The emergence of these VoC highlights the importance of identifying new prophylactics and therapeutics against currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains. We generated a recombinant bireporter Omicron BA.5 SARS-CoV-2 (rBA.5 ZsG-Nluc) that expresses reporter proteins, which are useful for cellular and whole animal studies and has similar viral replication and pathogenicity to a wild-type (WT) recombinant Omicron BA.5 SARS-CoV-2 (rBA.5 WT). In K18 hACE2 mice, rBA.5 ZsG-Nluc infection can be tracked systemically or in the lungs of infected mice using an\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    imaging system (IVIS). We establish a proof-of-concept platform of rBA.5 ZsG-Nluc in combination with an ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain expressing mCherry to simultaneously identify antivirals and neutralizing antibodies against original and recent SARS-CoV-2 strains.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.24.700018","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T03:20:13Z","timestamp":1769484013000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A bireporter recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 for\n                  <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                  and\n                  <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                  studies"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Esteban M.","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Long School of Medicine at University of Texas Health & Science Center, San 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USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahrzad","family":"Ezzatpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasija","family":"Cupic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2163-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark R.","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 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