{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T19:05:27Z","timestamp":1769799927404,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"group-title":"Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS)","reference-count":54,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Malaria transmission in southwestern Uganda is low, but persists despite ongoing control efforts. Identifying whether infections are locally sustained or imported by travelers is critical for guiding interventions. We integrated epidemiologic surveillance with parasite genomics to characterize imported malaria episodes at three health facilities in southwestern Uganda.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Between January 2023 and June 2024, we enrolled microscopy-confirmed malaria cases at three health facilities, Maziba and Muko (very low transmission) and Kamwezi (low-to-moderate transmission), administered travel history questionnaires, and collected dried blood spots for genotyping.\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections were genotyped using MAD\n                    <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                    HatTeR, a highly sensitive multiplex amplicon sequencing panel targeting 165 diversity markers and 38 drug resistance loci. Complexity of infection and pairwise relatedness were estimated using MOIRE and Dcifer, respectively. Plasmotrack, a Bayesian transmission network framework, was used to infer network structure, transmission directionality, reproduction numbers, and importation rates.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Amongst malaria cases, recent overnight travel was common in Maziba (87%) and Muko (96%) but infrequent in Kamwezi (12%). Most travel in cases from Maziba and Muko was from high-transmission regions in northern and eastern Uganda. Parasites in Maziba and Muko cases exhibited higher within-host diversity and lower within-site relatedness compared to those in Kamwezi cases. Transmission network inference identified most infections in Maziba and Muko as imported, with the majority of inferred secondary transmission linked to recent travelers. In contrast, Kamwezi showed multiple highly related clusters, indicating sustained local transmission. Validated and candidate markers of artemisinin partial resistance (K13 P441L and R561H) were more prevalent in Kamwezi.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Malaria in Maziba and Muko was driven largely by importation from other parts of Uganda, while local transmission played a larger role in Kamwezi . Tailored interventions addressing travel-associated risks and local transmission, supported by travel histories and parasite genetic data will be valuable to advance malaria elimination in this region.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.25.26344810","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T18:30:16Z","timestamp":1769538616000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Imported malaria predominates in near-elimination settings in Southwestern Uganda"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6621-0586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Mbabazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6380-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahiid","family":"Kiyaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Katairo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services\/Central Public Health Laboratory (NHLDS\/CPHL), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kisakye D.","family":"Kabbale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Asua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services\/Central Public Health Laboratory (NHLDS\/CPHL), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8615-6732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian A.","family":"Kagurusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services\/Central Public Health Laboratory (NHLDS\/CPHL), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Innocent","family":"Wiringilimaana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services\/Central Public Health Laboratory (NHLDS\/CPHL), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9786-7294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bienvenu","family":"Nsengimaana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services\/Central Public Health Laboratory (NHLDS\/CPHL), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis D.","family":"Semakuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services\/Central Public Health Laboratory (NHLDS\/CPHL), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackie","family":"Nakasaanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services\/Central Public Health Laboratory (NHLDS\/CPHL), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6173-4006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisen","family":"Ayitewala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services\/Central Public Health Laboratory (NHLDS\/CPHL), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Watyekele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaiah","family":"Nabende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tonny Max","family":"Kayondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Arinaitwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry","family":"Mulondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Tukwasibwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services\/Central Public Health Laboratory (NHLDS\/CPHL), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel L.","family":"Nsobya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bosco","family":"Agaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Maiteki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Malaria Elimination Division, Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daudi","family":"Jjingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David Patrick","family":"Kateete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses R.","family":"Kamya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Ssewanyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration (IDRC), Kampala, Uganda"},{"name":"National Health Laboratory and Diagnostic Services\/Central Public Health Laboratory (NHLDS\/CPHL), Kampala, Uganda"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0566-4901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Aranda-Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa D.","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxwell","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inna","family":"Gerlovina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8253-6102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienne","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Rodriguez-Barraquer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7953-7622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip J.","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0740-0317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant","family":"Dorsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Greenhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Briggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.1","unstructured":"World malaria report 2024: addressing inequity in the global malaria response."},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.2","unstructured":"Malaria Indicator Survey 2018."},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001467"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1305.061410","article-title":"Detecting Epidemic Malaria, Uganda","volume":"13","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.561","article-title":"Clinical manifestations of severe malaria in the highlands of southwestern Uganda","volume":"72","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hollingsworth BD , Sandborn H , Baguma E , Ayebare E , Ntaro M , Mulogo EM , Boyce RM . Comparing field-collected versus remotely-sensed variables to model malaria risk in the highlands of western Uganda. Malar J. 2023 Jun 26;22:197.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04628-w"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00551.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab781","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Chemoprevention and Malaria Incidence After Severe Flooding: Evaluation of a Pragmatic Intervention in Rural Uganda","volume":"74","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ka L , Ed W , Aw O, J K , Ml W . Highland malaria in Uganda: prospective analysis of an epidemic associated with El Ni\u00f1o. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg [Internet]. 1999 Oct [cited 2025 Oct 24];93(5). Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10696401\/?utm_source=chatgpt.com","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(99)90344-9"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223467"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.05.001"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.43510"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12480"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/AJTMH.20-0189"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy478","article-title":"Association Between Recent Overnight Travel and Risk of Malaria: A Prospective Cohort Study at 3 Sites in Uganda","volume":"68","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.16","unstructured":"Rwanda_Malaria_Strategic_Plan_2020-2024."},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.10.037","article-title":"The geography of malaria genetics in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A complex and fragmented landscape","volume":"133","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.18","unstructured":"USAID_US_Presidents_Malaria_Initiative_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_Malari a_Operational_Plan_FY_2020."},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.19","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Malaria surveillance, monitoring and evaluation: a reference manual [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 [cited 2025 Jun 18]. Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/272284"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0005"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.12.002"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mensah BA , Akyea-Bobi NE , Ghansah A . Genomic approaches for monitoring transmission dynamics of malaria: A case for malaria molecular surveillance in Sub\u2013Saharan Africa. Front Epidemiol. 2022 Oct 28;2:939291.","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2022.939291"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43087-4"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safarpour M , Cabrera-Sosa L , Gamboa D , Van Geertruyden JP , Delgado-Ratto C . Detecting imported malaria infections in endemic settings using molecular surveillance: current state and challenges. Front Epidemiol. 2025 Feb 26;5:1490141.","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2025.1490141"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.25","unstructured":"Pereus D , Fola AA , Bakari C , Seth MD , Lyimo BM , Mandara CI , Madebe RA , Mbata DD , Popkin-Hall ZR , Moshi R , Mbwambo RB , Mbwambo D , Aaron S , Lusasi A , Lazaro S , Giesbrecht DJ , Juliano JJ , Bailey JA , Juma G , Mobegi VA , Ishengoma DS . Genetic Metrics Decodes Plasmodium falciparum Diversity: Complexity of Infections, Parasite Connectivity, and Transmission Intensity in Mainland Tanzania\u2019s Diverse Regions."},{"issue":"1","key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04046-4","article-title":"Gender difference in the incidence of malaria diagnosed at public health facilities in Uganda","volume":"21","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05141-14"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001788"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94716-5"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aranda-Diaz A . MAD4HatTeR v2 [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Sep 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.protocols.io\/view\/mad4hatter-b5gaq3se","DOI":"10.17504\/protocols.io.14egn779mv5d\/v3"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.31","unstructured":"Aranda-D\u00edaz A . MAD4HATTER Amplicon Sequencing Pipeline [Internet]. EPPIcenter; 2025 [cited 2025 Sep 19]. Available from: https:\/\/github.com\/EPPIcenter\/mad4hatter"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btae619"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.33","unstructured":"Murphy M . moire [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 Sep 19]. Available from: https:\/\/eppicenter.github.io\/moire\/"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerlovina I . Dcifer: Genetic Distance Between Polyclonal Infections [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Sep 19]. Available from: https:\/\/github.com\/EPPIcenter\/dcifer","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.dcifer"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/iyac126"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.36","unstructured":"Murphy M . Plasmotrack: Transmission Network Inference [Internet]. Zenodo; 2026 [cited 2026 Jan 9]. Available from: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/doi\/10.5281\/zenodo.18202136"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.37","unstructured":"Malaria Atlas Project | Data [Internet]. [cited 2025 Nov 14]. Available from: https:\/\/data.malariaatlas.org\/trends?year=2024&metricGroup=Malaria&geographicLevel=admin0&metricSubcategory=Pf&metricType=rate&metricName=incidence"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ca L, J B , A B, C R , J C, Ta A . Association between recent internal travel and malaria in Ugandan highland and highland fringe areas. Trop Med Int Health TM IH [Internet]. 2015 Jun [cited 2025 Oct 3];20(6). Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25689689\/","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12480"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.39","unstructured":"Arinaitwe E , Dorsey G , Nankabirwa JI , Kigozi SP , Katureebe A , Kakande E , Rek J , Rosenthal PJ , Drakeley C , Kamya MR , Staedke SG . Association Between Recent Overnight Travel and Risk of Malaria: A Prospective Cohort Study at 3 Sites in Uganda."},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.40","unstructured":"Arinaitwe E , Mpimbaza A , Nankabirwa JI , Kamya V , Asiimwe A , Kuule JK , Kamya MR , Drakeley C , Dorsey G , Rosenthal PJ , Staedke SG . Malaria Diagnosed in an Urban Setting Strongly Associated with Recent Overnight Travel: A Case\u2013Control Study from Kampala, Uganda."},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.41","unstructured":"Yukich JO , Taylor C , Eisele TP , Reithinger R , Nauhassenay H , Berhane Y , Keating J . Travel history and malaria infection risk in a low-transmission setting in Ethiopia: a case control study."},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fakih BS . Risk of imported malaria infections in Zanzibar: a cross-sectional study. 2023;","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2790914\/v1"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.43","unstructured":"Oyegoke OO . Towards malaria elimination: analysis of travel history and case forecasting using the SARIMA model in Limpopo Province."},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3137-8"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004999","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004999","article-title":"Regular Plasmodium falciparum importation onto Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, hampers malaria elimination from the island","volume":"5","year":"2025","journal-title":". PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pujol A , Chidimatembue A , Silva C da , Boene S , Mbeve H , Cister\u00f3 P , Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez C , Va\u00f1\u00f3-Boira A , Tembisse D , In\u00e1cio J , Matambisso G , Luis F , Ndimande N , Munguambe H , Nhamussua L , Simone W , Aranda-D\u00edaz A , Garc\u00eda-Ulloa M , Canana N , Tusell M , Monta\u00f1a J , Fuente-Soro L , Bapu KU , Murphy M , Rafael B , Rovira-Vallbona E , Guinovart C , Greenhouse B , Enosse SM , Sa\u00fate F , Aide P , Candrinho B , Mayor A . Estimating probabilities of malaria importation in southern Mozambique through P. falciparum genomics and mobility patterns [Internet]. medRxiv; 2025 [cited 2025 Dec 4]. p. 2025.05.01.25326793. Available from: https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2025.05.01.25326793v3","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.107136.2"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-025-05694-y"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epstein A , Aramanzan O , Nabende I , Kayondo TM , Obbo M , Tumwesigye R , Wiringilimaana I , Mbabazi M , Kagurusi BA , Tukwasibwe S , Ssewanyana I , Routeledge I , Briggs J , Wesolowski A , Greenhouse B , Dorsey G , Arinaitwe E , Rodriguez-Barraquer I . Quantifying the role of importation on sustained malaria transmission in a low-to-moderate burden region of Southwest Uganda. MedRxiv Prepr Serv Health Sci. 2025 May 15;2025.05.14.25327608.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.05.14.25327608"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2211803)"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uwimana A . Emergence and clonal expansion of in vitro artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum kelch13 R561H mutant parasites in Rwanda. Nat Med. 2020;26.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1005-2"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fola AA , Ciubotariu II , Dorman J , Mwenda MC , Mambwe B , Mulube C , Kasaro R , Hawela MB , Hamainza B , Miller JM , Bailey JA , Moss WJ , Bridges DJ , Carpi G . National genomic profiling of Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial resistance in Zambian children participating in the 2018 Malaria Indicator Survey. MedRxiv Prepr Serv Health Sci. 2024 Aug 6;2024.08.05.24311512.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-4888948\/v1"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martin AC , Sadler JM , Simkin A , Musonda M , Katowa B , Matoba J , Schue J , Simulundu E , Bailey JA , Moss WJ , Juliano JJ , Fola AA . Emergence and Rising Prevalence of Artemisinin Partial Resistance Marker Kelch13 P441L in a Low Malaria Transmission Setting in Southern Zambia. MedRxiv Prepr Serv Health Sci. 2025 Jan 2;2025.01.02.24319706.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.01.02.24319706"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.53","unstructured":"Malaria elimination support to the Uganda Ministry of Health [Internet]. Malaria Consortium. [cited 2025 Dec 28]. Available from: https:\/\/www.malariaconsortium.org\/projects\/malaria-elimination-support-to-the-uganda-ministry-of-health"},{"key":"2026012922350539000_2026.01.25.26344810v1.54","unstructured":"Organization WH. Subnational Tailoring of Malaria Strategies and Interventions: Reference Manual. 1st ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025. 1 p."}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.01.25.26344810","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T06:35:15Z","timestamp":1769754915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.01.25.26344810"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":54,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.01.25.26344810","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}