{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T13:26:20Z","timestamp":1770470780684,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"group-title":"Animal Behavior and Cognition","reference-count":79,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Island endemic birds are under greater threat than their mainland counterparts. Sedentary living and historically reduced predation may affect island bird sociality and inform their conservation and management. However, detailed studies on their sociality are uncommon. The federally- endangered koloa maoli (\n                  <jats:italic>Anas wyvilliana,<\/jats:italic>\n                  Hawaiian duck, or koloa) is primarily threatened by hybridization with feral mallards and avian botulism outbreaks. We used capture-mark-recapture and genetic data on koloa on the island of Kaua\u2018i, a stronghold of remaining koloa, to construct social networks and examine their associations (inferred from co-occurrence in traps) and spatial genetic structure. Information on associations might shed light on preferences for or against mallards and hybrids, and inform planned translocation efforts. Microgeographic spatial genetic structuring where relatedness among individuals scales with geographic distance is a potential liability for maintaining koloa genetic diversity, and would particularly be detrimental during highly localized outbreaks of botulism that could result in the removal of entire lineages. While we found persistent social associations among adult koloa, they were not apparently influenced by plumage traits or body mass, suggesting a lack of social preference for mallard-like individuals. Importantly, we found no spatial patterns of relatedness within the largest refuge. Therefore, botulism outbreaks remain a demographic threat but are unlikely to remove correlated genetic diversity. There were no sex differences in spatial genetic structure and both sexes moved within a refuge. The lack of spatial genetic structure and the presence of many unrelated conspecifics may enable koloa to limit inbreeding and retain genetic diversity without sex-biased dispersal. In the context of future translocations, our results suggest that translocating koloa captured in the same trap together will reduce disruption of preferred associations while also retaining genetic diversity among translocated individuals.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec id=\"s1\">\n                  <jats:title>LAY SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>The koloa maoli (Hawaiian duck, or koloa) is a federally-endangered, island endemic bird. Like other Hawaiian waterbirds, koloa are threatened by introduced predators and habitat loss, but also specifically by hybridization with feral mallards and localized avian botulism outbreaks. Currently, the island of Kaua\u2018i has the largest population of non-admixed koloa. We used capture-mark-recapture and genetic data of koloa at two wetland sites on Kaua\u2018i to examine their sociality and spatial genetic structure.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>Koloa formed preferential social associations, but they were not based on plumage traits, body mass or genetic relatedness.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:p>There was no spatial genetic structure for males and females within a wetland site. Our results suggested that 1) koloa have no preference for mallard-like plumage that might increase hybrid pairing, 2) localized (within-refuge) botulism outbreaks are unlikely to remove close relatives and unique genetic lineages, and 3) translocation of groups could maintain social associations without limiting genetic diversity.<\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <\/jats:list>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.29.702521","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T04:55:17Z","timestamp":1770180917000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endemic koloa maoli (Hawaiian Duck,\n                  <i>Anas wyvilliana<\/i>\n                  ) shows preferential social associations, but not based on plumage or genetic relatedness"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4068-4251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Keerthipriya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. P.","family":"Malachowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. D.","family":"Dugger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oregon State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. J.","family":"Uyehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Kaua\u02bbi National Wildlife Refuge Complex (retired)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"A.","family":"Engilis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Lavretsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas El Paso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8840-3095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.P.","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026020611001239000_2026.01.29.702521v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04397.x"},{"key":"2026020611001239000_2026.01.29.702521v1.2","unstructured":"Banko, W. 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