{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T09:44:26Z","timestamp":1770371066201,"version":"3.49.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":34,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DK130815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK130815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Protein-bound uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate and\n                  <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                  -cresyl sulfate, are major contributors to chronic kidney disease (CKD) complications and are poorly removed by dialysis due to strong albumin binding. Targeting their gut-derived microbial precursors offers a promising strategy to reduce systemic toxin load.\n                  <jats:italic>Thauera aminoaromatica<\/jats:italic>\n                  S2 is known to anaerobically degrade\n                  <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                  -cresol, but its response to indole and its potential as an orally administered microbial therapy remain poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the activity of\n                  <jats:italic>Thauera aminoaromatica<\/jats:italic>\n                  S2 under exposure to both\n                  <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                  -cresol and indole in planktonic and hydrogel-encapsulated forms. Low indole levels (0.25 mM) enhanced planktonic growth in the presence of 2 mM\n                  <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                  -cresol, whereas co exposure inhibited p-cresol degradation in hydrogel systems, likely due to restricted diffusion and elevated local indole concentrations. Nonetheless, encapsulation enabled tolerance to conditions (2 mM\n                  <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                  -cresol + 0.5 mM indole) that abolished planktonic growth, suggesting microenvironmental protection. Incorporation of activated carbon into the hydrogel restored\n                  <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                  -cresol removal despite indole exposure, likely through localized indole sequestration. These results highlight the potential of combining encapsulation with adsorptive additives to stabilize microbial function and support the development of microbial therapies aimed at mitigating uremic toxin precursors in CKD.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.01.30.702922","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T07:45:12Z","timestamp":1769931912000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indole toxicity on removal of uremic toxin p-cresol, in-vitro study of\n                  <i>Thauera aminoaromatica<\/i>\n                  S2"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Pei-Hsin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington; Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Prakit","family":"Saingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington; Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosita","family":"Rasyid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Washington; Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"J.Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington; Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Himmelfarb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Kidney Disease Innovation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mari Karoliina Henriikka","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington; Seattle, Washington"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.05.011"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2018.1561376"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.12.038"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmmed.2022.959189"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Ying-chun , Mei-yi Wu , Ping-jen Hu , Tzu-ting Chen , Wan-chen Shen , Wei-chiao Chang , and Mai-szu Wu . 2019. \u201cE Ff Ects and Safety of an Oral Adsorbent on Chronic Kidney Disease Progression : A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.\u201d","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101718"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0437-6"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.060"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02787-15"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011121175"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.402"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10070303"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9020052"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cp42869e"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444810365020"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8120358"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2023.2202237"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/TOXINS13020142"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10070303"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.2.299"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13090622"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7083155"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-002-0422-6"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4491\/eer.2020.010"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2022.07.008"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-19704-9_38"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2014.04.002"},{"key":"2026020511044856000_2026.01.30.702922v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saingam, Prakit , Rosita Rasyid , Britt Abrahamson , Thomas J Lie , Bruce J Godfrey , Jonathan Himmelfarb , and Mari K H Winkler . 2025. \u201cToward an e Ective Delivery System of a Microbial Sink of the Uremic Toxin, p-Cresol ; 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