{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T03:45:21Z","timestamp":1785642321781,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"group-title":"Developmental Biology","reference-count":79,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R01DE030629"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DE030629"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cranial neural crest cells (cNCC) generate craniofacial cartilage, bone, and peripheral neurons and glia, and birth defects arise when the cartilage\/neuronal\/glial progenitor fail to differentiate. PRDM16 is a transcriptional regulator containing both zinc-finger and SET domains, implicated in craniofacial development and orofacial clefting, but its role in cranial sensory ganglion formation has not been defined.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Here, we demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>prdm16<\/jats:italic>\n                    is required for trigeminal ganglion (TG) assembly and sensory neurogenesis from cranial neural crest lineages. In zebrafish,\n                    <jats:italic>prdm16<\/jats:italic>\n                    is expressed in TG beginning by 18 hours post fertilization (hpf) and persists through the later developmental stage at 48 hpf. In the\n                    <jats:italic>prdm16<\/jats:italic>\n                    loss-of-function zebrafish, fewer HuC+ TG neurons are present at 24 hpf and 48 hpf, along with reduced overall ganglion size. Live imaging in Tg(\n                    <jats:italic>sox10<\/jats:italic>\n                    :mRFP;\n                    <jats:italic>elavl3<\/jats:italic>\n                    :GFP) embryos demonstrates similar numbers of\n                    <jats:italic>sox10<\/jats:italic>\n                    + cNCCs migrating to the TG region and reduced cell numbers and overall smaller size of TG in\n                    <jats:italic>prdm16-\/-<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Acetylated \u03b2-tubulin immunostaining shows fewer trigeminal axon projections early and an altered projection pattern by 48 hpf. A reduction in a defined sensory neuron population,\n                    <jats:italic>p2rx3b<\/jats:italic>\n                    + cells displayed a weaker signal and decreased cell number in\n                    <jats:italic>prdm16-\/-<\/jats:italic>\n                    TG. Transcriptomic analysis of FACS-isolated\n                    <jats:italic>sox10<\/jats:italic>\n                    + cranial neural crest cells supported reduced expression of key neurogenic and sensory lineage genes. Finally, in mouse embryos, PRDM16 is expressed in TG neurons, and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      Prdm16\n                      <jats:sup>csp1\/csp1<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    embryos exhibited reduced TG volume, area and fewer HuC+ neurons at E18.5.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Together, these data identify Prdm16 as a conserved regulator of trigeminal ganglion growth and sensory neuron differentiation, linking PRDM-family chromatin regulators to the development of the peripheral sensory nervous system.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.02.01.702826","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T23:45:14Z","timestamp":1770162314000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["PRDM16 is necessary for sensory neuronal development in the Trigeminal Ganglion"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Fahmida","family":"Raha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiman","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lomeli C.","family":"Shull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3003-6042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin B.","family":"Artinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN, 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