{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T17:02:34Z","timestamp":1771434154787,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":53,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Transgenic K18-hACE2 mice are a standard model for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), albeit with limitations. A mouse-adapted 30 (MA30) SARS-CoV-2 has been developed to allow infection of wild-type (WT) mice strains. However, SARS-CoV-2 MA30 cannot be easily tracked\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  ,\n                  <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  , or\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  . To address the problem, we developed a recombinant (r)SARS-CoV-2 based on the MA30 strain expressing fluorescent (mCherry) and luciferase (nanoluciferase, Nluc) reporter genes, alone or in combination, that enable tracking of viral infection in WT C57BL\/6 and BALB\/c mice. Insertion of the reporter genes resulted in minor viral attenuation\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  , with \u223c0.5-1.0-log lower titers than rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 WT in A549 hACE2 cells, while maintain similar plaque morphology and replication kinetics in Vero AT cells.\n                  <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  , reporter-expressing rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 caused transient weight loss, contrasting with lethal rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 WT infection. Bioluminescence imaging of rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 Nluc in C57BL\/6 and BALB\/c mice revealed peak pulmonary replication at 2 days post-infection, with resolution by day 4, and correlated with tissue viral loads. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 expressing reporter genes to track viral infection\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro, ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  , and\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  without a need for secondary approaches to monitor viral infection as are required for rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 WT. Our system is highly suitable to evaluate prophylactic vaccines and therapeutic antibodies or antiviral approaches in WT or transgenic C57BL\/6 and BALB\/c mice without the shortcomings of K18-hACE2 mice and with the added advantage of non-invasive monitoring of treatment efficacy.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model limits the capability to study SARS-CoV-2. While a mouse adapted 30 (MA30) has been developed to study SARS-CoV-2 in wild-type (WT) mice, it does not allow non-invasive tracking of viral infections. Recombinant viruses expressing reporter genes enable real-time monitoring of infection dynamics, opening an avenue to study viral tropism and easily evaluate prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. They furthermore support longitudinal studies, which reduces the number of research animals required. Here, we show that a recombinant (r)SARS-CoV-2 expressing fluorescent (mCherry) and nanoluciferase (Nluc) reporter genes, alone or in combination, can be used to track viral infections\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro, ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    without the need for secondary approaches that are required to detect SARS-CoV-2 MA30 in WT mice. These reporter-expressing rSARS-CoV-2 MA30 may accelerate vaccine development and antiviral drug discovery in WT or transgenic mice bypassing the need for hACE2 overexpression in K18-hACE2 transgenic mice.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.02.04.703885","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T10:00:13Z","timestamp":1771236013000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and characterization of mouse-adapted recombinant SARS-CoV-2 expressing reporter genes"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Sara H.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-pathogen interactions (HPI) and Disease Intervention and Prevention (DIP) programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA"},{"name":"Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, 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USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Bayoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-pathogen interactions (HPI) and Disease Intervention and Prevention (DIP) programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA"},{"name":"Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esteban M.","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-pathogen interactions (HPI) and Disease Intervention and Prevention (DIP) programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahrzad","family":"Ezzatpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-pathogen interactions (HPI) and Disease Intervention and Prevention (DIP) programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard K.","family":"Plemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Perlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1934-9494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengjin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Host-pathogen interactions (HPI) and Disease Intervention and Prevention (DIP) programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 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