{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:08:03Z","timestamp":1785434883491,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":101,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"award":["R01EY033782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY033782"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  We previously reported that a medium chain triglyceride and\n                  <jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic>\n                  -3 fatty acid enriched ketogenic diet (KD) restored vision and motor functions to mice undergoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a preclinical model of multiple sclerosis (MS). In the mechanistic studies reported here we show that the KD dramatically reduces the infiltration of CD45\n                  <jats:bold>\n                    <jats:sup>HI<\/jats:sup>\n                  <\/jats:bold>\n                  immune cells into the spinal cords of EAE mice when initiated at symptom onset and fed for 2 weeks. Two mechanisms contributed to this reduced accumulation of infiltrates. First, the KD accelerated resealing of the blood-SC barrier (BSCB) in both sexes. This resealing accompanied motor score functional recovery and occurred whether KD feeding was initiated the day of symptom onset or 1 week after symptom onset. Consistent with this resealing, the KD reduced SC levels of soluble IL-1\u03b2, a primary cytokine associated with compromising the integrity of CNS-blood barriers. A second mechanism was that the KD increased the percentage of spinal cord infiltrates undergoing apoptosis. Beyond reducing the total abundances of immune cell infiltrates by these two mechanisms, the KD also preserved subpopulations of neutrophils and non-classical mono\/macs expressing surface markers associated with inflammation resolution, healing, and tissue repair. Studies leveraging global knockout mouse strains showed unexpectedly that the efficacy of the KD in this interventional paradigm was independent of both the hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA\n                  <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                  ) and the anti-stress transcription factor, Nrf2. Collectively, this work advances novel insights by which a KD ameliorates autoimmune-mediated MS-like pathologies to promote functional recovery and more broadly, implies that this dietary strategy has potential benefit for facilitating the healing of disrupted blood-CNS barriers and resolving inflammation in multiple neurodegenerative diseases.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.02.06.704406","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:35:16Z","timestamp":1770683716000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A KETOGENIC DIET ACCELERATES BLOOD-SPINAL CORD BARRIER RESEALING AND DECREASES SPINAL CORD IMMUNE CELL ACCUMULATION IN A PRECLINICAL MODEL OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Kendra S.","family":"Plafker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy A.","family":"Walton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Pezant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biomedical Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Kovats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Axtell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott M.","family":"Plafker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK USA"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135245852097084"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glatigny S , Bettelli E . Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) as Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018;8(11).","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028977"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01302.x"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.006"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiedrick J , Meza-Romero R , Gerstner G , Seifert H , Chaudhary P , Headrick A , et al. Sex differences in EAE reveal common and distinct cellular and molecular components. Cell Immunol. 2021;359:104242.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2020.104242"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23955"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-020-00325-4","article-title":"Mechanisms of sex hormones in autoimmunity: focus on EAE","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3256","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12270-y","article-title":"Sex impacts treatment decisions in multiple sclerosis","volume":"271","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.9","first-page":"1394","article-title":"Adherence to Disease-Modifying Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.116"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zyla-Jackson K , Walton DA , Plafker KS , Kovats S , Georgescu C , Brush RS , et al. Dietary protection against the visual and motor deficits induced by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Frontiers in neurology. 2023;14:1113954.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1113954"},{"issue":"22","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.12","first-page":"e2412236","article-title":"High Fat Low Carbohydrate Diet Is Linked to CNS Autoimmunity Protection","volume":"12","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035476"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.04.001","article-title":"Gut microbiota indole-3-propionic acid mediates neuroprotective effect of probiotic consumption in healthy elderly: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial and in vitro study","volume":"42","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.05.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3586","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: Going over to the dark side","volume":"14","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039750"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Mealey GB , Plafker KS , Berry WL , Janknecht R , Chan JY , Plafker SM . A PGAM5-KEAP1-Nrf2 complex is required for stress-induced mitochondrial retrograde trafficking. J Cell Sci. 2017.","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.203216"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2024.05.001"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2006.02513.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.188","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"14","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature reviews Neurology"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400401"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.08.011"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90249-X"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.8.5574"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151437"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700263"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.02.004"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3804"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516825","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2025.2516825","article-title":"beta-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body, suppresses tumor growth, stemness, and invasive phenotypes in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"26","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Ther"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang J , Kim SR , Lee JE , Lee S , Son HJ , Choe W , et al. Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroprotection by Ketone Bodies and Ketogenic Diet in Cerebral Ischemia and Neurodegenerative Diseases. International journal of molecular sciences. 2023;25(1).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010124"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70510","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202402974R","article-title":"Ketone body 3-hydroxybutyrate mitigates apoptosis and enhances osteogenesis in bone organoid construction via the cAMP\/PKA\/CREB signaling pathway","volume":"39","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lage SL , Dominical VM , Wong CS , Sereti I . Evaluation of Canonical Inflammasome Activation in Human Monocytes by Imaging Flow Cytometry. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1284.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01284"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos-Lima B , Pietronigro EC , Terrabuio E , Zenaro E , Constantin G . The role of neutrophils in the dysfunction of central nervous system barriers. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:965169.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.965169"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-01-404046"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00813-0"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivetic A , Hoskins Green HL , Hart SJ . L-selectin: A Major Regulator of Leukocyte Adhesion, Migration and Signaling. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1068.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01068"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-017-2774-x"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3AB0918-369R","article-title":"Neutrophil recruitment to inflamed joints can occur without cellular priming","volume":"105","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"16-17","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2010.07.003","article-title":"CD62L on neutrophil granulocytes, a useful, complementary marker for the prediction of ventriculitis in blood-containing CSF","volume":"43","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20042014"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.12.7594"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao Y , Zheng Q , Zhang X , Li P , Gao X , Zhang L , et al. Targeted nuclear degranulation of neutrophils promotes the progression of pneumonia in ulcerative colitis. Precis Clin Med. 2024;7(4):pbae028.","DOI":"10.1093\/pcmedi\/pbae028"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bibi A , Yu Z , Cui L , Yang G . Harnessing monocyte dynamics for treatment of multiple sclerosis; insights from experimental model studies. Immunother Adv. 2025;5(1):ltaf003.","DOI":"10.1093\/immadv\/ltaf003"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021010719"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2350521","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202350521","article-title":"GPR109A expressed on medullary thymic epithelial cells affects thymic Treg development","volume":"53","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.241836"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI41651"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-223933"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI72151"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosinska J , Assmann JC , Inderhees J , Muller-Fielitz H , Handler K , Geisler S , et al. Diet modulates the therapeutic effects of dimethyl fumarate mediated by the immunometabolic neutrophil receptor HCAR2. Elife. 2025;14.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.98970"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li YH , Zhang Y , Pan G , Xiang LX , Luo DC , Shao JZ . Occurrences and Functions of Ly6C(hi) and Ly6C(lo) Macrophages in Health and Disease. Front Immunol. 2022;13:901672.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.901672"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chico L , Schirinzi E , Balestrini L , Polzella M , Siciliano G . Nrf2-Activating Natural Compounds in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Targeting Oxidative Stress and Protein Aggregation. International journal of molecular sciences. 2026;27(3).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27031592"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16246","article-title":"NRF2 signalling in cytoprotection and metabolism","volume":"183","year":"2026","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.373715","article-title":"Ketogenic diet alleviates cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation in APP\/PS1 mice via the Nrf2\/HO-1 and NF-kappaB signaling pathways","volume":"18","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang Y , Wang X , Xiao A , Han J , Wang Z , Wen M . Ketogenic diet prevents chronic sleep deprivation-induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease by inhibiting iron dyshomeostasis and promoting repair via Sirt1\/Nrf2 pathway. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:998292.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.998292"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.06.016"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96003-5","article-title":"Ketogenesis controls mitochondrial gene expression and rescues mitochondrial bioenergetics after cervical spinal cord injury in rats","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01549-0","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of a medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet on MPTP-induced Parkinson\u2019s disease mice: a combination of transcriptomics and metabolomics in the substantia nigra and fecal microbiome","volume":"9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2025.102013","article-title":"The role and benefits of ketogenic diet in modulating inflammation in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dis Mon"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2024.08.020","article-title":"Impact of a ketogenic diet on sleep quality in people with relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"122","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orti JER , Cuerda-Ballester M , Sanchis-Sanchis CE , Lajara Romance JM , Navarro-Illana E , Garcia Pardo MP . Exploring the impact of ketogenic diet on multiple sclerosis: obesity, anxiety, depression, and the glutamate system. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1227431.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1227431"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2022-329074"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e565","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000565","article-title":"Pilot study of a ketogenic diet in relapsing-remitting MS","volume":"6","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bock M , Steffen F , Zipp F , Bittner S . Impact of Dietary Intervention on Serum Neurofilament Light Chain in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation. 2022;9(1).","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001102"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benlloch M , Lopez-Rodriguez MM , Cuerda-Ballester M , Drehmer E , Carrera S , Ceron JJ , et al. Satiating Effect of a Ketogenic Diet and Its Impact on Muscle Improvement and Oxidation State in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Nutrients. 2019;11(5).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051156"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114891"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.03.006"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2300602","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202300602","article-title":"A High MCT-Based Ketogenic Diet Suppresses Th1 and Th17 Responses to Ameliorate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice by Inhibiting GSDMD and JAK2-STAT3\/4 Pathways","volume":"68","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.07.146","article-title":"Involvement of the IL-1 system in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: Breaking the vicious cycle between IL-1beta and GM-CSF","volume":"62","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain, behavior, and immunity"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelrahman AA , Powell FL , Jadeja RN , Jones MA , Thounaojam MC , Bartoli M , et al. Expression and activation of the ketone body receptor HCAR2\/GPR109A promotes preservation of retinal endothelial cell barrier function. Exp Eye Res. 2022;221:109129.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109129"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Y , You Y , Wang X , Jin Y , Zeng Y , Pan Z , et al. beta-Hydroxybutyrate Alleviates Atherosclerotic Calcification by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Apoptosis via AMPK\/Nrf2 Pathway. Nutrients. 2024;17(1).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010111"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.06.031"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.74","first-page":"52","article-title":"de Andrade Mello P, da Silva CG, Coutinho-Silva R","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"The P2X7 Receptor in Inflammatory Diseases: Angel or Demon? Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7247","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO00122A","article-title":"Ketogenic diet attenuates neuroinflammation and induces conversion of M1 microglia to M2 in an EAE model of multiple sclerosis by regulating the NF-kappaB\/NLRP3 pathway and inhibiting HDAC3 and P2X7R activation","volume":"14","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"issue":"25","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.76","first-page":"e2400426","article-title":"Adaptive Metabolic Responses Facilitate Blood-Brain Barrier Repair in Ischemic Stroke via BHB-Mediated Epigenetic Modification of ZO-1 Expression","volume":"11","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.12.011"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05305-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03083-z","article-title":"Histone Deacetylase 3 Inhibition Decreases Cerebral Edema and Protects the Blood-Brain Barrier After Stroke","volume":"60","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.80","first-page":"102","article-title":"Crosstalk between NLRP3 Signaling and Histone Deacetylases in Inflammasome-Driven Diseases","volume":"69","year":"2026","journal-title":"Journal of medicinal chemistry"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4731","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FO00422E","article-title":"Ketogenic diet attenuates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation via HDAC3 inhibition to activate mitophagy in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"16","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.11.009"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141015"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.11.2147","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis flares associated with recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor","volume":"54","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202613"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110024"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56097-1","article-title":"Microglial NLRP3-gasdermin D activation impairs blood-brain barrier integrity through interleukin-1beta-independent neutrophil chemotaxis upon peripheral inflammation in mice","volume":"16","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature communications"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07314-2"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu Y , Chen Y , Zhang X , Ma J , Liu Y , Cui L , et al. Glycolysis in Innate Immune Cells Contributes to Autoimmunity. Front Immunol. 2022;13:920029.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.920029"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040624"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-08-302059"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600745"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purvis GSD , McNeill E , Wright B , Channon KM , Greaves DR . Ly6C(hi) Monocytes Are Metabolically Reprogrammed in the Blood during Inflammatory Stimulation and Require Intact OxPhos for Chemotaxis and Monocyte to Macrophage Differentiation. Cells. 2024;13(11).","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13110916"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00998-0"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.04.008"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-023-08739-0","article-title":"IL-17A Facilitates Entry of Autoreactive T-Cells and Granulocytes into the CNS During EAE","volume":"25","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-022-00405-4","article-title":"The Efficacy and Safety of Ketogenic Diets in Drug-Resistant Epilepsy in Children and Adolescents: a Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips MCL , Johnston SE , Simpson P , Chang DK , Mather D , Dick RJ . Time-restricted ketogenic diet in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a case study. Frontiers in neurology. 2023;14:1329541.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1329541"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusek M , Pluta R , Ulamek-Koziol M , Czuczwar SJ . Ketogenic Diet in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019;20(16).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163892"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sethi S , Wakeham D , Ketter T , Hooshmand F , Bjornstad J , Richards B , et al. Ketogenic Diet Intervention on Metabolic and Psychiatric Health in Bipolar and Schizophrenia: A Pilot Trial. Psychiatry Res. 2024;335:115866.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115866"},{"key":"2026071105350475000_2026.02.06.704406v3.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17582024.2024.2352394"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.02.06.704406","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T12:35:20Z","timestamp":1783773320000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.02.06.704406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":101,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.02.06.704406","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}