{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:19:10Z","timestamp":1785424750221,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"group-title":"Biophysics","reference-count":102,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DP1 OD029517-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP1 OD029517-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04k41b912","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Stanford University's Discovery Innovation Fund"},{"name":"Cisco University Research Program"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/001ader08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Truchard Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The human cathelicidin host defense peptide LL-37 forms complexes with nucleic acids that can have either beneficial or detrimental health effects. We suggest that these differential impacts are directly connected to dsDNA binding by LL-37 and to complex formation between protomers. Here, we show using phage \u03bb DNA that LL-37 binds non-specifically to dsDNA, condensing it, followed by complex formation between LL-37 peptides. We find that complex formation is concentration-dependent, with low LL-37 amounts yielding loosely aggregated DNA structures, while higher LL-37 concentrations lead to well-defined, disc-like structures of about 150 nm in diameter. The condensation of the nucleic acids, which causes a loss of the characteristic B-DNA features, results from interactions of the phosphodiester backbone with protonated amino acid side chains of the peptide at physiological pH, predominantly in A-T rich sequences of the nucleic acid. However, in our studies, electrostatic interactions did not appear to be the driving force for complexation, but rather we found the \u03b1-helical structure of the peptide with its amphipathic and hydrophobic surfaces to be essential. Further, we show that LL-37 also interacts with nucleic acids from neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in a concentration-dependent way, causing a reduction in NET aggregate area, which may offer new biophysical insights into diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which involve slower-than-normal NET clearance. Our results indicate the key importance of LL-37 expression levels for regulation of the innate immune system for optimal human health, since the relative amounts of expressed LL-37 present to interact with extracellular DNA will determine the extent to which the DNA can be condensed, which in turn will affect the ability of the body to clear the NETs before they can cause inflammatory conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.02.09.704888","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:15:15Z","timestamp":1770855315000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigation of Regulation and Binding Patterns of the Human Cathelicidin Peptide LL-37 in Complexation with Nucleic Acids, and its Impact on Neutrophil Extracellular Traps"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Zielke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josefine E.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA"},{"name":"Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Section for Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0371 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sopida","family":"Pimcharoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manasi","family":"Sawant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA"},{"name":"ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA"},{"name":"Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hawa R.","family":"Thiam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA"},{"name":"ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA"},{"name":"Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelise E.","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Schools of Medicine and of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302005"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2006.03.030"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00062752-200201000-00004"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.6.3718"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12555"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3284com"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000355931"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.880961"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13260-8"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-617"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.29"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170223"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4718845"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202000148"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24039-2"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3410501"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2023.10.035"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M311440200"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12620"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2018.10.001"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0203"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15384047.2021.1890319"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2009.12.011"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2008.124"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345231210767"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090480"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.10.018"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020492"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100828"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08868-w"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4298"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06116"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.06.008"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62480-3"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001180"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.046755"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20140778"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-020520-111016"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909546117"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800159"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2013.00048"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13408"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152463"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01759-2"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28934"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(10)72006-1"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2022.101152"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.1c00536"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10782"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot4550"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1102"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b05994"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp026"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/3676"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.98374"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c0sm01171a"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2021.09.036"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2015.10.029"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28176201"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01496397808057119"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-49780-3_3"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0095-8522(49)90032-X"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bm030051z"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.32.22445"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI6570"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2003.12.008"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.7.200110-020"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021481"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-114"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.03.024"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909122116"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.73","unstructured":"Potaman, V. N. & Sinden, R. R . in DNA: Alternative Conformations and Biology (Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience, Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet], 2000-2013)."},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.74","unstructured":"Br\u00e4nd\u00e9n, C.-I. & Tooze, J . Introduction to protein structure. 2nd edn, (Garland Pub., 1999)."},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz850"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060408-091030"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx915"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0036554021000028089"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2016.03.015"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.7.3883"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.261560398"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biophys.34.040204.144500"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2021.339396"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1391"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-019-0227-2"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.314883"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8349712"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00523"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000363699"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.07.032"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35053131"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c08008"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142700.nc0711s11"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M105250200"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044009","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/25\/4\/044009","article-title":"Independent analysis of mechanical data from atomic force microscopy","volume":"25","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement Science and Technology"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1726673"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac030128+"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.98","unstructured":"Theisen, A. J. , C.; Deacon, M.P. ; Harding, S.E. . Refractive Increment Data-Book for Polymer and Biomolecular Scientists. (Nottingham University Press, Nottingham UK, 2000)."},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889807009624"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-404-3_9"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/52687"},{"key":"2026021403101784000_2026.02.09.704888v1.102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/ISU-1991-115-601"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.02.09.704888","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T11:10:23Z","timestamp":1771067423000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.02.09.704888"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":102,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.02.09.704888","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}