{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:59:42Z","timestamp":1791197982889,"version":"4.1.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"group-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology","reference-count":30,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme","award":["101080251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101080251"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Speech carries cues to variation in mental state in schizophrenia, typically indexed with clinician-rated scales such as Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). In this study, we aggregate multi-centre recordings to assemble a large corpus and assess symptom-prediction models at scale, to enable rater-independent, efficient, and reproducible assessments for early detection of relapse-related signals from speech.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this computational secondary analysis, we compiled data from 453 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, recruited between 2005 and 2026 from ten global sites in the Czech Republic, United States, Spain, Chile, France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, T\u00fcrkiye, Germany, and China, and clipped their speech recordings into 6,664 segments. Across three featuresets, acoustic-prosodic profile, pretrained multilingual embeddings, and their concatenation, we compared 16 algorithms in separate item-specific models to predict eight relapse-related PANSS items, including three positive (P1, P2, P3), three negative (N1, N4, N6), and two general (G5, G9) items, on speaker-disjoint splits. Performance was assessed by root-mean-squared-error (RMSE) at both segment and participant (median-aggregation) levels. Best model per item underwent bias checks for age, sex, education, and symptom severity.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Best-performing models predicted symptoms with prediction errors of 1\u00b75 or lower: P1 1\u00b7544\/1\u00b7527, P2 1\u00b7318\/1\u00b7107, P3 1\u00b7487\/1\u00b7542, N1 1\u00b7071\/1\u00b7030, N4 1\u00b7521\/1\u00b7430, N6 0\u00b7869\/0\u00b7855, G5 0\u00b7951\/0\u00b7882, G9 1\u00b7298\/1\u00b7282 (segment\/participant). Performance of pretrained embeddings surpassed acoustic-prosodic features and concatenation. Results were comparable in languages or language variants with fewer available speech and language computational resources. We found no bias by age, sex, or education, aside from reduced N4 accuracy in males; but performance degraded with higher symptom severity.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Speech can support automatic assessment of schizophrenia symptoms using pretrained embeddings, even without transcripts. Such models show promise as clinically meaningful, efficient, and low-burden tools for real-time monitoring of symptom trajectories. Future work should validate these models prospectively in higher-severity samples and improve clinical interpretability.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>European Union Horizon.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Research in context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evidence before this study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Automatic assessment of disease severity is a key issue in schizophrenia research, for which spontaneous speech offers a cost-effective, automatable solution. To evaluate existing evidence for speech-based symptom assessment, two reviewers (RHe, MK) searched PubMed, IEEE Xplore, arXiv, bioRxiv, and medRxiv for publications from inception to Aug 25, 2025, using the terms: (\u201csymptom\u201d OR \u201cPANSS\u201d OR \u201cPositive and Negative Syndrome Scale\u201d) AND (\u201cpsychosis\u201d OR \u201cschizophrenia\u201d) AND (\u201clanguage\u201d OR \u201cspeech\u201d OR \u201cspontaneous speech\u201d) AND (\u201cprediction\u201d OR \u201cmachine learning\u201d OR \u201cdeep learning\u201d OR \u201calgorithm\u201d OR \u201cneural network\u201d OR \u201cAI\u201d OR \u201cartificial intelligence\u201d). Fourteen studies on symptom-level modelling were identified. Ten studies dichotomized clinical scores (e.g., Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)) into low vs high for classification: five used conventional machine learning (e.g., random forests) and five used neural networks, with F1 scores ranging from 0\u00b760-0\u00b785. The remaining four studies, and two of the ten studies as mentioned above, modelled raw scores directly as regression tasks. Two relied solely on conventional regressors and the rest used neural networks, with errors from 0\u00b7487 for single items (scale 1-7) to 8\u00b704 for summed scores (scale 18-126). All studies used free speech for elicitation, except one study, which used a reading task. Three studies incorporated additional tasks, such as picture description and immediate recall. None were multilingual: nine were in English, three in Chinese, one in Swiss German, and one in Brazilian Portuguese. Features spanned a wide range, including acoustic-prosodic profiles, morpho-syntactic structure, semantic organization, pragmatics (including sentiments), and even visual features capturing movement during talking. Representations from pretrained language models were also widely employed. Sample sizes (counting patients with schizophrenia) were generally small: eleven studies enrolled &lt;50 patients, one had 65, and only two exceeded 100 patients. Some increased their effective sample size via multiple recordings per patient or by adding healthy controls and\/or patients with other psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Added value of this study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this computational secondary analysis of previously collected data, we aggregated speech recordings and clinical assessments across ten international sites. To our knowledge, this is the first multilingual, speech-based study modelling schizophrenia symptom severity with machine learning approach, and it includes the largest cohort of patients with schizophrenia to date. We further increased effective sample size by using diverse elicitation tasks and segmenting recordings into clips. This multilingual corpus empowers the usage of complex models and supports transfer learning from high-resource languages (e.g., English) with ample available speech and language computational resources to low-resource ones lacking these resources (e.g., Czech). For each of eight selected relapse-related PANSS items, the best audio-only models achieved root-mean-squared error (RMSE) &lt; 1\u00b75, underscoring clinical relevance. We assessed potential biases: no effects were found for age, sex, or education (except poorer N4 performance in males), though performance declined at higher symptom severity. Trained models are released for use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Implications of all the available evidence<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We show that speech is a powerful signal for automatic assessment of schizophrenia symptom severity and holds promise for relapse prediction, even without transcripts. The approach readily extends to incorporate textual features (from manual or automatic transcripts) and more advanced models. Prospective studies with repeated recordings across relapse episodes are needed to validate the utility of our models on relapse prediction, for the sake of supporting precision psychiatry while reducing clinician burden.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.02.20.26345632","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T20:00:12Z","timestamp":1772308812000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Predicting PANSS symptoms in schizophrenia spectrum disorders using speech only: an international, multi-centre, computational secondary analysis across multiple languages"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6999-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grammar and Cognition Lab, Department of Translation & Language Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryia","family":"Kirdun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grammar and Cognition Lab, Department of Translation & Language Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Palominos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grammar and Cognition Lab, Department of Translation & Language Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara Navarrete","family":"Orejudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grammar and Cognition Lab, Department of Translation & Language Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Barthelemy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, Laboratoire de Psychologie Clinique, de Psychopathologie et de Psychanalyse (LPCPP, UR 3278), Aix-en-Provence, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simran","family":"Bhola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, United States of America"},{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ciampelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Neuroscience and Cognition and Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amandine","family":"Decker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6195-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cemal","family":"Demirlek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Fusaroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science and Semiotics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"The Interacting Minds Center, Institute of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Tom\u00e1s","family":"Garc\u00eda-Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, South Campus, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Gimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, Laboratoire de Psychologie Clinique, de Psychopathologie et de Psychanalyse (LPCPP, UR 3278), Aix-en-Provence, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roya","family":"H\u00fcppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Koelkebeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bielefeld University, Medical School and University Medical Center OWL, Protestant Hospital of the Bethel Foundation, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amandine","family":"Lecomte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0659-4205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renxiang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Methods and Development Group \u201cBrain Networks\u201d, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arndis","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Interacting Minds Center, Institute of Culture and Society, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Psychosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Tourneur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burcu","family":"Verim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berna","family":"Yalincetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandy","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, United States of America"},{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Amblard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Ayesa","family":"Arriola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emre","family":"Bora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janna","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Neuroscience and Cognition and Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Karakter, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia I.","family":"Figueroa-Barra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, South Campus, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Language and Literature, Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities, Alberto Hurtado University, Santiago, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youth, IMHAY, Santiago, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanne","family":"Koops","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Neuroscience and Cognition and Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Musiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Palaniyappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Parola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Language Technology, Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, Copenhagen University, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Spaniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunny X.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, United States of America"},{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America"},{"name":"Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States of America"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris E.","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Neuroscience and Cognition and Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9034-148X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Homan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Hinzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grammar and Cognition Lab, Department of Translation & Language Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Recerca i Estudis Avan\u00e7ats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-13-50"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.3.441"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2024.110952"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21192","article-title":"Anomalies of language in schizophrenia: a trajectory of mathematical and computational analyses","volume":"23","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac215"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41537-020-00115-2"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571647","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2025.1571647","article-title":"Measurement of schizophrenia symptoms through speech analysis from PANSS interview recordings","volume":"16","year":"2025","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.02.036"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002804","article-title":"Acoustic speech markers for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: a diagnostic and symptom-recognition tool","volume":"53","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-022-00259-3","article-title":"Automatic language analysis identifies and predicts schizophrenia in first-episode of psychosis","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophrenia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s44277-025-00040-1","article-title":"Taking a look at your speech: identifying diagnostic status and negative symptoms of psychosis using convolutional neural networks","volume":"3","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPP\u2014Digital Psychiatry and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-017-0019-3","article-title":"Thought disorder measured as random speech structure classifies negative symptoms and schizophrenia diagnosis 6 months in advance","volume":"3","year":"2017","journal-title":"NPJ Schizophrenia"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He R , Ortiz-Garc\u00eda de la Foz V , Fern\u00e1ndez Cacho LM , et al. Task-voting for schizophrenia spectrum disorders prediction using machine learning across linguistic feature domains. medRxiv 2024: 2024\u00b708\u00b731\u00b724312886. (accessed October 24, 2025).","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.31.24312886"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.14","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Acoustic Feature Extraction Tools for Clinical Speech Analysis","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv preprint"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sbaf124","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaf124","article-title":"Vocal Markers of Schizophrenia: Assessing the Generalizability of Machine Learning Models and Their Clinical Applicability","volume":"52","year":"2026","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bulletin"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21045"},{"issue":"Supplement_2","key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S183","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac176","article-title":"Language Analytics for Assessment of Mental Health Status and Functional Competency","volume":"49","year":"2023","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Bull etin"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-02309-3","article-title":"Uncertainty Modeling in Multimodal Speech Analysis Across the Psychosis Spectrum","volume":"9","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Digital Medicine"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir Y , Chakraborty D , Dauwels J , Thalmann N , Thalmann D , Lee J. Non-verbal speech analysis of interviews with schizophrenic patients. In: 2016 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 2016 (pp. 5810\u20135814). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2016.7472791"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3469","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2023.3307597","article-title":"Multimodal Assessment of Schizophrenia Symptom Severity From Linguistic, Acoustic and Visual Cues","volume":"31","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Premananth G , Espy-Wilson C. Self-supervised Multimodal Speech Representations for the Assessment of Schizophrenia Symptoms. In: ICASSP 2025-2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 2025. (pp. 1\u20135). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP49660.2025.10888608"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Premananth G , Espy-Wilson C. Speech-Based Estimation of Schizophrenia Severity Using Feature Fusion. In: 2025 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing Workshops (ICASSPW). 2025. (pp. 1\u20135). IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSPW65056.2025.11011243"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00364-4","article-title":"Relapse in clinically stable adult patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder: evidence-based criteria derived by equipercentile linking and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis","volume":"11","year":"2024","journal-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-7-35"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2024.07.016","article-title":"Deciphering language disturbances in schizophrenia: A study using fine-tuned language models","volume":"271","year":"2024","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Research"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/SCHBUL\/SBAC128"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.114199"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He L , Wang Q , Jiang X , Mesgarani N. Layer-wise Minimal Pair Probing Reveals Contextual Grammatical-Conceptual Hierarchy in Speech Representations. In: Christodoulopoulos C , Chakraborty T , Rose C , Peng V , eds. Proceedings of the 2025 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Suzhou, China: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2025. (pp. 35326\u201335341).","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2025.emnlp-main.1790"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-024-00476-y"},{"key":"2026100503050804000_2026.02.20.26345632v2.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cokal D , Villalba M , He R , et al. What is the retest reliability of computationally extractable speech and language markers? Computational Speech & Language, 2026: 101981.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2026.101981"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.02.20.26345632","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:05:18Z","timestamp":1791194718000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/medrxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.02.20.26345632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":30,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.02.20.26345632","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}