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However, neural interface systems today require tethered connections that restrict mobility, prevent testing across ecological contexts, and inhibit clinical translation to at-home use. Fully implantable commercial systems have previously been developed, but exhibit significant constraints, including a bulky design, limited modularity, low bandwidth, or unidirectional communication (e.g. deep brain stimulation systems, DBS; spinal cord stimulation systems, SCS). Here, we have developed the Modular Bionic Interface (MBI), a system composed of a fully implantable device and a worn unit for high-bandwidth, bidirectional interfacing with the nervous system. The MBI can record high fidelity electrophysiological signals and deliver spatiotemporally modulated electrical stimulation for clinical and research purposes through flexible interaction with third party implantable devices. We performed benchtop evaluation to validate the recording and stimulation capabilities of the MBI across a diverse range of inputs and outputs. We then evaluated the MBI system\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  through chronic implantation within a sheep, where results were stable for the length of evaluation, over three months. While connected to an actively powered, third-party high-resolution spinal cord stimulation electrode array, the MBI system was able to deliver stimulation to evoke lower extremity motor responses and record spinal compound action potentials evoked by peripheral nerve and spinal stimulation. Through rigorous evaluation, we demonstrate a fully implantable system with a small footprint capable of high-resolution, bi-directional communication with the nervous system via modular connections to third-party devices. We expect that modular devices will further our ability to treat complex neurological disease and injury.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.02.23.707488","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T03:40:13Z","timestamp":1771990813000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A modular, high-bandwidth, bidirectional implantable device for neural interrogation"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4630-1664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu","family":"Darie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9552-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel R.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7197-9082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan S.","family":"Calvert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekta","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naser","family":"Abdelrahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modular Bionics, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sohail","family":"Syed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2243-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Shaaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7054-5743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jared S.","family":"Fridley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Merlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modular Bionics, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Halpern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Modular Bionics, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0710-3005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Borton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA"},{"name":"Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026022611500962000_2026.02.23.707488v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-020-0390-3"},{"key":"2026022611500962000_2026.02.23.707488v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239276"},{"key":"2026022611500962000_2026.02.23.707488v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24636"},{"key":"2026022611500962000_2026.02.23.707488v1.4","unstructured":"N. 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