{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:39:07Z","timestamp":1772721547944,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":79,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["F32AI183755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F32AI183755"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DK136875"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK136875"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01DK140371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK140371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are negatively charged polysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units and are essential components of the extracellular matrix throughout numerous tissues. The bladder urothelium has a thick protective GAG layer that primarily consists of chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparan sulfate (HS), and hyaluronic acid (HA), and urinary tract pathogens must either degrade or otherwise circumvent this layer to infect the urothelium. In this study, we investigated GAG degradation by\n                  <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis,<\/jats:italic>\n                  a common and persistent colonizer of the catheterized urinary tract. Almost all\n                  <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                  urinary tract isolates harbor a putative chondroitin endolyase (PMI2127), exolyase (PMI2128), and sulfatase (PMI2124). By generating mutant and complemented strains of these genes, we determined that\n                  <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                  strain HI4320 degrades multiple forms of CS under numerous culture conditions, including during growth in human urine, and can use CS degradation products as a carbon source. Sulfatase and endolyase activity were required for efficient degradation of all CS types, while the exolyase only contributed to using CS-B or CS-C as carbon source. Interestingly, only endolyase activity contributed to colonization in a murine model of CAUTI, although the colonization defect was even more pronounced when the endolyase and exolyase were both disrupted. The colonization defect was specific to the CAUTI model, likely due to the impact of catheterization on the GAG landscape of the bladder. Limiting CS degradation by\n                  <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                  may therefore represent a strategy for reducing risk of ascending infection in catheterized patients.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Importance<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a family of negatively charged heteropolysaccharides that are ubiquitously expressed throughout the body, forming a significant component of the extracellular matrix and a luminal GAG layer in the bladder. This GAG layer functions as a physical barrier for the bladder surface, protecting it from bacterial infection. Disruption of this barrier through physical forces, such as catheter insertion, or enzymatic degradation by bacteria may contribute to infection outcomes. In this study, we defined the contribution of three putative chondroitin sulfate degrading enzymes (PMI2124, PMI2127, PMI2128) to the pathogenesis of a common pathogen in the catharized urinary tract,\n                    <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis.<\/jats:italic>\n                    We found that\n                    <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    can utilize chondroitin sulfate as a carbon source, and that chondroitin sulfate degradation contributes to infection in a model of catheterized urinary tract infection. This work contributes to a growing understanding of how uropathogens subvert host defenses and acquire nutrients within the bladder.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.02.708568","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T03:20:13Z","timestamp":1772508013000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chondroitin sulfate degradation bolsters\n                  <i>Proteus mirabilis<\/i>\n                  growth and colonization of the catheterized urinary tract"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Benjamin C.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vitus","family":"Brix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Namrata","family":"Deka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian S.","family":"Learman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aimee L.","family":"Brauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brianna M.","family":"Shipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7670-5301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"De Nisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"},{"name":"Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2165-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chelsie E.","family":"Armbruster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026030505300525000_2026.03.02.708568v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.UTI-0012&ndash;2012"},{"key":"2026030505300525000_2026.03.02.708568v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-022-00565-0"},{"key":"2026030505300525000_2026.03.02.708568v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00041.2019"},{"key":"2026030505300525000_2026.03.02.708568v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.73"},{"key":"2026030505300525000_2026.03.02.708568v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5301\/uro.5000184"},{"key":"2026030505300525000_2026.03.02.708568v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.2c00569","article-title":"Glycosaminoglycans: What Remains To Be Deciphered?","volume":"3","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACS Au"},{"key":"2026030505300525000_2026.03.02.708568v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0285.2008.00741.x","article-title":"The Structure of Glycosaminoglycans and their Interactions with Proteins","volume":"72","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemical Biology & Drug Design"},{"key":"2026030505300525000_2026.03.02.708568v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08529.x"},{"key":"2026030505300525000_2026.03.02.708568v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hurst RE . 1994. 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