{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T17:52:24Z","timestamp":1785779544512,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":58,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  To learn effectively, animals must generalize across yet distinguish between related contexts. Generalization relies on low-dimensional neural manifolds found throughout the neocortex\n                  <jats:sup>1,2<\/jats:sup>\n                  , which accelerate learning by constraining neural activity to task-relevant axes\n                  <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                  . Conversely, context separation is attributed to neural expansion layers that can project information into high-dimensional feature spaces\n                  <jats:sup>4,5<\/jats:sup>\n                  , most famously cerebellar granule cells (GrCs)\n                  <jats:sup>6\u20138<\/jats:sup>\n                  . To investigate the generalization-separation tradeoff, we simultaneously imaged key nodes in the universal cortico-cerebellar pathway\n                  <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                  \u2014premotor layer 5 pyramidal tract (L5PT) and GrCs\u2014during parallel learning of two distinct skills with shared temporal structure. Rather than expanding the cortical representations, GrCs retained their low-rank encoding of each task. Across contexts, despite stable cortico-cerebellar coupling, L5PT activity patterns generalized while GrC patterns temporally remapped. But rather than independently scrambling, GrC populations remapped coherently: their low-dimensional trajectories \u201crotated\u201d apart between tasks, separating the contexts while preserving the cortical geometry of each. Moreover, GrC trajectories diverged most strongly in expert animals. This suggests a fundamental architectural division of labor: the cortex provides invariant dynamic primitives for smooth generalization, while cerebellar activity reconfigures them to drive context-specific output.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.03.709240","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T08:10:29Z","timestamp":1772698229000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Granule cells reorient cortical trajectories to separate contexts"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3945-1944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha G.","family":"Garcia-Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142 J.","family":"W\u00f3jcik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srijan","family":"Thota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amma","family":"Otchere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwatobi","family":"Akinwale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizmaylin","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2595-2027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Ponte","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1816-6407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026080310000607000_2026.03.03.709240v4.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.031"},{"key":"2026080310000607000_2026.03.03.709240v4.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.05.025"},{"key":"2026080310000607000_2026.03.03.709240v4.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13665"},{"key":"2026080310000607000_2026.03.03.709240v4.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cover, T.M . 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