{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T02:04:08Z","timestamp":1785895448218,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":89,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NINDS","award":["NS098273"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS098273"]}]},{"name":"NIH\/NINDS","award":["NS116716"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NS116716"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Newborns are especially susceptible to bacterial meningitis, primarily caused by Group B\n                  <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                  (GBS), due to incomplete maturation of immune and barrier systems. While meningitis is well known to break down the blood-brain barrier (BBB), how the meningeal arachnoid barrier, a critical component of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (B-CSFB), responds to infection is poorly understood. Using a neonatal mouse model of bacterial meningitis, we demonstrate that GBS infection significantly increases arachnoid barrier permeability, coinciding with alterations in Claudin-11 tight junction distribution and elevated meningeal production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, CXCL1). CD206\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  \/Lyve1\n                  <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                  border-associated macrophages (BAMs) undergo significant morphological and molecular activation post-infection, but their depletion prior to GBS infection did not attenuate arachnoid barrier leakage or inflammatory cytokine levels during infection. We show that meningeal fibroblasts are a main source of proinflammatory cytokines in response to GBS infection and that exposure to the inflammatory cytokine TNF-\u03b1 alone is sufficient to induce neonatal arachnoid barrier breakdown. These results support neonatal arachnoid barrier is vulnerable to cytokine-induced breakdown in bacterial infection and highlight the role of non-immune meningeal cells like fibroblasts during bacterial infection.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.04.709573","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T08:45:15Z","timestamp":1772786715000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Meningeal inflammation and arachnoid barrier breakdown in a mouse model of neonatal bacterial meningitis"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Sol","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO, USA"},{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz, Cell Biology Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luke R.","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brady L.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, CO, USA"},{"name":"University of Virginia, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cancer Biology, Charlottesville, VA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Pawlikowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO, USA"},{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz, Cell Biology Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Derk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Collective for Psychiatric Neuroengineering, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"North Carolina Central University, Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly S.","family":"Doran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Siegenthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Aurora, CO, USA"},{"name":"University of Colorado Anschutz, Cell Biology Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026031000350696000_2026.03.04.709573v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042660"},{"key":"2026031000350696000_2026.03.04.709573v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/3413"},{"key":"2026031000350696000_2026.03.04.709573v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2006.10.011"},{"key":"2026031000350696000_2026.03.04.709573v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902510209"},{"key":"2026031000350696000_2026.03.04.709573v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adi1025"},{"key":"2026031000350696000_2026.03.04.709573v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01701-8"},{"key":"2026031000350696000_2026.03.04.709573v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.04.021"},{"key":"2026031000350696000_2026.03.04.709573v1.8","unstructured":"Bundy, L.M. , Rajnik, M. , Noor, A ., 2025. 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