{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:21:52Z","timestamp":1785424912864,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":32,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["AI171634"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI171634"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/043z4tv69","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Startup Funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Startup Funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008rmbt77","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Analytical and Diagnostics Laboratory, Binghamton University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Biofilms are the dominant mode of bacterial life. The gut microbiota itself has characteristics of a biofilm that grows on the intestinal mucosa.\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    and VRE are commonly co-isolated from patients but biofilm formation has not been studied in a multi-species context. Here we study the interactions between\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    and VRE in surface adherent community.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    We found that VRE inhibits\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm formation in dual-species culture in the presence of excess glucose. Robust dual-species biofilms were produced when the carbon source was changed to a non-fermentable sugar such as fucose and xylose. We observed a high level of vancomycin tolerance in\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms that was not affected by the presence of VRE. Finally we also found that a nutrient step-change is sufficient to induce dispersion of single and dual-species biofilms.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    VRE can inhibit the development of\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms in the presence of a fermentable carbon source. VRE does not appear to affect vancomycin tolerance or nutrient-induced dispersion of\n                    <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Highlights<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:list list-type=\"simple\">\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:label>-<\/jats:label>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        VRE inhibits\n                        <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                        biofilm formation in the presence of fermentable glucose.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:label>-<\/jats:label>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        Stable VRE \u2013\n                        <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                        biofilms are formed by managing the available carbon source.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:label>-<\/jats:label>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        VRE does not affect\n                        <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                        vancomycin tolerance in this model.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                    <jats:list-item>\n                      <jats:label>-<\/jats:label>\n                      <jats:p>\n                        A 10-fold increase in available nutrients is sufficient to induce biofilm dispersion in\n                        <jats:italic>C. difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                        and VRE.\n                      <\/jats:p>\n                    <\/jats:list-item>\n                  <\/jats:list>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.09.710618","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T03:05:16Z","timestamp":1773198316000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vancomycin tolerance and dispersion of dual species biofilms of\n                  <i>Clostridioides difficile<\/i>\n                  and Vancomycin-resistant\n                  <i>Enterococcus faecium<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4536-147X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Holly R.","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University SUNY, Binghamton NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University SUNY, Binghamton NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishtiaq","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University SUNY, Binghamton NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8461-117X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter T.","family":"McKenney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University SUNY, Binghamton NY 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