{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:29:51Z","timestamp":1791440991245,"version":"4.3.3"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"group-title":"Cell Biology","reference-count":99,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":["R01HD109322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD109322"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04byxyr05","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024A1515012907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515012907"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"DBT-Ramalingaswami","award":["re-entry fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["re-entry fellowship"]}]},{"name":"NIAB core grant","award":["C0031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C0031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Meiotic prophase-I chromosomes are organized into linear arrays of chromatin loops anchored to proteinaceous axes that define the interaction interfaces for the pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes. Chromatin loop size and axial chromosome length are inversely correlated and vary widely both between and within species, including between the sexes. The molecular basis of this variation remains unclear. Here, we provide evidence that the small ubiquitin-like modifier, SUMO, regulates loop\u2013axis organization in mouse meiosis. Our analysis shows that the longer axes of oocyte chromosomes contain more SUMO per unit length than the shorter axes of spermatocyte chromosomes. In mouse models, the loss of SUMO1 results in shorter axes and longer chromatin loops. Conversely, increased SUMO1 conjugation, caused by mutation of the SENP1 isopeptidase, produces longer axes with shorter loops. Axis length positively correlates with meiotic recombination. Accordingly,\n                  <jats:italic>Sumo1<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>Senp1<\/jats:italic>\n                  mutations respectively decrease and increase crossover frequency. These findings identify SUMO as a key regulator of meiotic chromosome architecture and suggest a molecular basis for the physiological variation in chromosome length and recombination rates seen among species, sexes, individuals, and individual meiocytes.\n                <\/jats:p>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:fig id=\"ufig1\" position=\"float\" orientation=\"portrait\" fig-type=\"figure\">\n                    <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"710713v1_ufig1\" position=\"float\" orientation=\"portrait\"\/>\n                  <\/jats:fig>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.10.710713","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:10:18Z","timestamp":1773238218000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["SUMO mediates the coordinate regulation of meiotic chromosome length and crossover rate"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Yun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Center for Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou 515041 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huanyu","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit","family":"Sandhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Bourne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anusha","family":"Deshpande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubhang","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Van","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.B.D. Prasada","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, Telangana 500032, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1498-2327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026031312100503000_2026.03.10.710713v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.33.1.603"},{"key":"2026031312100503000_2026.03.10.710713v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. 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