{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T03:53:06Z","timestamp":1773460386332,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":122,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute Of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","award":["Award Number P20GM125508"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Award Number P20GM125508"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Legionnaires\u2019 disease has increased sixfold since 2000 in the United States, yet environmental reservoirs such as soils remain understudied sources of infection. It remains unclear how the diversity and abundance of environmental pathogens, such as\n                  <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                  , will shift as the climate continues to change. Here, we utilize 4,287 publicly available global soil 16S rRNA gene amplicon datasets to analyze how the distribution of the genus\n                  <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                  , including pathogenic lineages, varies across continental-scale biogeographic regions and along climatic and geochemical gradients.\n                  <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                  relative abundance increased across the joint precipitation-air temperature gradient, and mixed-effects modeling indicated that the chance of detecting\n                  <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                  in soils increased substantially when annual precipitation reached \u223c500 mm.\n                  <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                  diversity was characterized by high spatial turnover, with the majority of abundant ASVs restricted to individual regions despite broad phylogenetic representation across the genus. Further, fewer than 2% of our 16S-derived\n                  <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                  sequences matched ASVs corresponding to characterized species, and the clinically dominant species\n                  <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                  was rarely detected. In contrast, ASVs matching several other known pathogens (\n                  <jats:italic>L. longbeachae, L. anisa, L. bozemanae, L. cincinnatiensis<\/jats:italic>\n                  ) were orders of magnitude more common than\n                  <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                  in soils. Moreover, pathogenic\n                  <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                  ASVs were detected significantly more frequently at warmer and wetter conditions. Collectively, our findings suggest that\n                  <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                  relative abundance and diversity in soils, especially pathogenic lineages, are shaped by both dispersal and climatic filtering. As temperature and precipitation regimes shift in the future, our results imply that soils should be an important pathogen source to monitor and that\n                  <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic>\n                  species beyond\n                  <jats:italic>L. pneumophila<\/jats:italic>\n                  warrant increased ecological and public health attention.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.10.710744","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T03:00:12Z","timestamp":1773198012000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global climate gradients structure soil\n                  <i>Legionella<\/i>\n                  diversity, relative abundance and pathogen distributions"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Hans W.","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai\u2032i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengting Maggie","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai\u2032i at M\u0101noa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026031319550793000_2026.03.10.710744v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032742","article-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 Disease: State of the Art Knowledge of Pathogenesis Mechanisms of Legionella","volume":"15","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis"},{"key":"2026031319550793000_2026.03.10.710744v2.2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023. Legionnaires\u2019 disease surveillance summary report, United States, 2020\u20132021. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"2026031319550793000_2026.03.10.710744v2.3","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2024. Legionnaires\u2019 disease annual epidemiological report for 2022. ECDC, Stockholm, Sweden."},{"key":"2026031319550793000_2026.03.10.710744v2.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.191198"},{"key":"2026031319550793000_2026.03.10.710744v2.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2012.03.005"},{"key":"2026031319550793000_2026.03.10.710744v2.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.59530"},{"key":"2026031319550793000_2026.03.10.710744v2.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.02164-14"},{"key":"2026031319550793000_2026.03.10.710744v2.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cianciotto NP. 2013. Type II Secretion and Legionella Virulence, p. 81\u2013102. In Hilbi, H (ed.), Molecular Mechanisms in Legionella Pathogenesis. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg.","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2013_339"},{"key":"2026031319550793000_2026.03.10.710744v2.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.1.20-28.2005"},{"key":"2026031319550793000_2026.03.10.710744v2.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Graells T , Ishak H , Larsson M , Guy L . 2018. The all-intracellular order Legionellales is unexpectedly diverse, globally distributed and lowly abundant. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 94.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiy185"},{"key":"2026031319550793000_2026.03.10.710744v2.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197712012972201"},{"key":"2026031319550793000_2026.03.10.710744v2.12","unstructured":"2007. Legionella and the prevention of legionellosis. 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