{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T16:11:37Z","timestamp":1773677497102,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"group-title":"Bioengineering","reference-count":48,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 DE030491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DE030491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AR077858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR077858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["T32 GM070421"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 GM070421"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DGE-174604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-174604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"U.S. National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DGE-1144245"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGE-1144245"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Critical-sized craniomaxillofacial (CMF) defects affect the skull, face, and jaw, arising from conditions such as cleft palate, oncologic resections, and high energy impacts, and due to their large size and irregular geometry, cannot heal naturally by the body, thus requiring surgery. The field of biomedical research has long recognized the need to develop higher order biomaterial model systems for improved disease characterization and translational therapeutic\/material progress. There is, however, difficulty in developing these workflows at the scale of conventional two-dimensional cell culture screening systems while simultaneously approaching a level of complexity necessary to consider translation to\n                  <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                  animal models. Here, we describe a three-dimensional (3D),\n                  <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                  model system to investigate the impact of stromal cell migration from one microenvironment to another at a medium-throughput scale. Importantly, we demonstrate the ability of this workflow to be utilized as a screening tool for collagen-based biomaterial motifs of interest in promoting craniomaxillofacial bone defect repair. Taken together we provide a strategy for interpreting cell-to-cell, cell-to-material, and material-to-material interactions across a multidimensional spatiotemporal scale.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.10.710896","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T18:40:22Z","timestamp":1773427222000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-material biomaterial model of scaffold-defect integration at the wound margins"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Alison C.","family":"Nunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Rubino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huamin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Shamsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Kolliopolous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleczandria","family":"Tiffany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5458-154X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan A.C.","family":"Harley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering"},{"name":"Cancer Center at Illinois"},{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL 61801"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/BDR2.1589"},{"key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.83584"},{"issue":"9","key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2016.06.034","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of 211 patients with maxillofacial reconstruction using parietal bone graft for implants insertion","volume":"44","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5240-2"},{"key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.5.FOCUS10111"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(03)00031-4","article-title":"Bone autografting of the calvaria and craniofacial skeleton: historical background, surgical results in a series of 15 patients, and review of the literature","volume":"60","year":"2003","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-0709(92)90073-3","article-title":"Bone autografting of the craniofacial skeleton: clinical and biological considerations","volume":"13","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol"},{"key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.05.193","article-title":"Autologous Bone Is Inferior to Alloplastic Cranioplasties: Safety of Autograft and Allograft Materials for Cranioplasties, a Systematic Review","volume":"117","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.scs.0000179662.38172.dd"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.03.025","article-title":"Taking the endochondral route to craniomaxillofacial bone regeneration: A logical approach?","volume":"45","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201300646","article-title":"Structural and biochemical modification of a collagen scaffold to selectively enhance MSC tenogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation","volume":"3","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv Healthc Mater"},{"key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201400809"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.13","first-page":"172","article-title":"Collagen-based scaffolds for skin tissue engineering","volume":"4","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Life"},{"key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2011.03.011"},{"key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.4.3.11747"},{"key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.06.056"},{"key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.01.003"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026031607400556000_2026.03.10.710896v1.18","first-page":"1066","article-title":"Design of a multiphase osteochondral scaffold. 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