{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T06:03:21Z","timestamp":1782281001157,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"group-title":"Physiology","reference-count":58,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1U01-NS111695"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U01-NS111695"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 NS121413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS121413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Human Frontiers Science Program Research","award":["RGP0045\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP0045\/2022"]}]},{"name":"NSF CRCNS","award":["2011619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011619"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N00014-23-1-2086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-23-1-2086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000006","name":"Office of Naval Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["N00014-17-1-2736"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N00014-17-1-2736"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Eye movements enable visual information gathering and stabilize gaze via optokinetic (OKR) and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) pathways.\n                  <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                  Echolocating bats, despite their rapid and agile flight maneuvers to land upside down and navigate 3D space, have long been thought not to move their eyes, an assumption originating from Walls\u2019s influential assertion over 80 years ago\n                  <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                  but never tested with empirical measurements. Here we present quantitative analysis of eye movements driven by visual and vestibular signals in Seba\u2019s short-tailed bat (\n                  <jats:italic>Carollia perspicillata<\/jats:italic>\n                  ). Bats generated robust visually driven OKR with an oculomotor range of \u223c\u00b110\u00b0, and displayed strong otolith-mediated responses during off-vertical axis rotation. In contrast, they showed minimal semicircular canal\u2013driven angular VOR (aVOR) for passive head rotations that elicit large, sustained responses in mice. Micro-CT reconstructions revealed that bats and mice have similar semicircular canal geometry, indicating that the weak aVOR does not reflect peripheral anatomical constraints. These findings provide the first empirical demonstration that bats make robust eye movements and exhibit strong visual and otolith-driven components of gaze stabilization. We propose that semicircular canal signals may be more strongly engaged during active flight and modulated by behavioral state\u2013dependent tuning of vestibular pathways to support ecologically specialized behaviors.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.10.710949","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:25:23Z","timestamp":1773307523000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bat eye movements resolve a long-standing question in gaze control"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9924-6143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui Ho Vanessa","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Capshaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri","family":"Skandalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6916-0000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia F.","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"},{"name":"Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"},{"name":"The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen E.","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026031604150643000_2026.03.10.710949v1.1","unstructured":"Cullen, K.E . 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