{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:07:40Z","timestamp":1788872860891,"version":"build-2803163510"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"group-title":"Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology","reference-count":79,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of non-fatal disability in youth and disproportionately affects adolescent females. Structural MRI studies of adolescent depression have yielded inconsistent findings, potentially reflecting symptom heterogeneity and rapid developmental changes in brain morphology.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We examined associations between specific depressive symptoms and structural brain MRI measures in 9,761 youth (53.1% male, age range = 8.32\u201318.0) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study across four waves. A panel graphical vector autoregression (GVAR) model separated within-person (contemporaneous and temporal) from between-person effects. Brain measures included cortical thickness in four regions, hippocampal volume, and global surface area. Depressive symptoms included parent-reported depressed mood, anhedonia, lethargy, worthlessness, and sleep problems. Sex differences in network structure were also examined.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Strong within-domain associations were observed among brain measures and symptoms. Cross-domain associations emerged at both within-person and between-person levels. Within persons, higher depressed mood predicted subsequent decreases in global surface area, whereas higher worthlessness predicted subsequent increases; depressed mood was also linked to mOFC thickness over time and to lower global surface area concurrently. At the between-person level, individuals with higher average anhedonia showed lower average global surface area. Sex differences were confined to the within-person networks.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Brain-symptom associations were subtle, symptom-specific and present across network levels with differential edge stability. Global surface area emerged as the primary structural correlate. Longitudinal within-person approaches capture the coupling of within-person deviations from expected brain and symptom trajectories, complementing between-person approaches in understanding brain-depression co-fluctuation during adolescence.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.24.26349162","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T23:45:19Z","timestamp":1774482319000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal associations between depressive symptoms and brain structure across late childhood and adolescence: A panel network analysis study"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9259-0939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eira R.","family":"Aksnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Diakonhjemmet 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