{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T19:13:06Z","timestamp":1782155586686,"version":"3.54.5"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"group-title":"Public and Global Health","reference-count":92,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Soil is an important reservoir for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and increasingly recognized as a pathogen transmission pathway. While studies have detected AMR in soil in various settings, dominant contributors to domestic soil contamination with antimicrobial-resistant organisms in low-income countries remain unidentified. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 237 households in southern Malawi, specifically peri-urban Bangwe near Blantyre, to identify factors associated with the abundance of cefotaxime\n                  <jats:italic>-<\/jats:italic>\n                  resistant\n                  <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                  in yard soil. Enumerators employed structured surveys and sampled 30 cm\n                  <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                  of yard soil per household. We used IDEXX Quanti-Tray\/2000 with Colilert-18 and cefotaxime supplement to enumerate the most probable number (MPN) of cefotaxime-resistant\n                  <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                  per dry gram of soil. We conducted multivariable regression to assess associations between the abundance of cefotaxime-resistant\n                  <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                  and household sanitation, animal ownership and management, child health and antibiotic use, and weather. Of 228 soil samples, 68% harbored cefotaxime-resistant\n                  <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                  at a mean of 0.90 log\n                  <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                  -MPN\/dry gram. Compared to households without animals, households had approximately 0.50-log lower mean cefotaxime-resistant\n                  <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                  abundance in soil if animals were enclosed at night and 0.50-log higher abundance if they were not (p-values&lt;0.005). Additionally, samples had approximately 0.70-log lower mean cefotaxime-resistant\n                  <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                  abundance if soil was dry at the time of collection and if it came from a household in the top wealth quintile (p-values&lt;0.005). Daytime animal confinement, household sanitation, child health, antibiotic use, rainfall, temperature and ambient humidity were not associated with cefotaxime-resistant\n                  <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                  abundance. Findings suggest that animal husbandry and soil moisture had stronger associations with cefotaxime-resistant\n                  <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                  in soil compared to sanitation or antibiotic use. These results underscore the importance of a One Health approach and the relevance of domestic animals and environmental factors to AMR in soil. Studies should quantify soilborne AMR exposure and evaluate associations with specific animal management\/enclosure practices.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.24.26349245","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T18:15:20Z","timestamp":1774635320000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Animal husbandry and environmental conditions are associated with cefotaxime-resistant\n                  <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                  in yard soil in peri-urban Malawi"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0175-730X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Budden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, 2115 Gardner Hall, Campus Box 7612, Raleigh, NC 27695 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2342-5138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin G","family":"Niven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6646-800X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 3250 Fitts-Woolard Hall, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC 27695 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5110-5860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Floess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 3250 Fitts-Woolard Hall, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC 27695 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blessings","family":"Chirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, P\/Bag 201, Luwinga, Mzuzu 2, Malawi, 105203"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Matekenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Region Water Board, Bloemwater Street, Kawiluwilu House, Bloemwater Street, Kawiluwilu House, Private Bag 94, Mzuzu, Malawi, 105200"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Cadono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, P\/Bag 201, Luwinga, Mzuzu 2, Malawi, 105203"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Chavula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, P\/Bag 201, Luwinga, Mzuzu 2, Malawi, 105203"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3342-8036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Chisamanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 5196, Limbe, Malawi, 312229"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aubrey","family":"Dzinkambani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, P\/Bag 201, Luwinga, Mzuzu 2, Malawi, 105203"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6402-3547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chisomo","family":"Kaponda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 5196, Limbe, Malawi, 312229"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neema","family":"Ngondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 5196, Limbe, Malawi, 312229"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9332-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norah","family":"Patterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, 3250 Fitts-Woolard Hall, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC 27695 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheena","family":"Symon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 5196, Limbe, Malawi, 312229"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5681-1537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brighton Austin","family":"Chunga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water and Sanitation, Mzuzu University, P\/Bag 201, Luwinga, Mzuzu 2, Malawi, 105203"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8849-1390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rochelle H","family":"Holm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Healthy Air Water and Soil, Christina Lee Brown Environme Institute, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302 E. Muhammad Ali Blvd., Louisville, KY 40202 United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petros","family":"Chigwechokha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O. 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