{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:58:47Z","timestamp":1785437927319,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"group-title":"Neuroscience","reference-count":97,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CureSMA","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"award":["R35HL155460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R35HL155460"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01HL134010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL134010"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Peri-synaptic astrocyte processes (PAPs) play a fundamental role in synapse formation and function. Central afferent synapse loss and astrocyte dysfunction greatly impede sensory-motor circuitry in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) disease progression, however mechanisms underpinning tripartite synapse dysfunction remains to be fully elucidated. The aims of this study were to further define PAP and motor neuron synaptic defects in human SMA disease pathology and implement a therapeutic intervention strategy to improve motor neuron function.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We derived astrocyte monocultures and motor neuron astrocyte co-cultures from healthy and SMA patient induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines to assess intrinsic astrocyte filopodia defects and phenotypes occurring at the synapse-PAP interface, respectively, using cell surface capture mass spectrometry proteomics, confocal and super resolution microscopy, synaptogliosome isolation, and electrophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>SMA astrocytes demonstrated intrinsic filopodia actin defects featuring low abundance of actin-associated cell surface N-glycoproteins, and decreased filopodia density and CDC42-GTP levels after actin remodeling stimulation. This phenotype is likely driven by the significant reduction of CD44 and phosphorylated ezrin, radixin and moesin ERM proteins (pERM) within SMA astrocyte filopodia. The dual combination of SMN1 gene therapy and forskolin treatment, an adenylyl cyclase activator leading to increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and actin signaling pathway stimulation, led to extensive branching and increased filopodia density of SMA astrocytes during actin remodeling. SMA patient-derived motor neuron and astrocyte co-cultures, particularly samples derived from male patient iPSC lines, demonstrated a significant decrease in synapse number, actin-associated pre-synaptic neurotransmitter release protein, synapsin I (SYN1), and PAP-associated expression of pERM and glutamate transporter, EAAT1. Our astrocyte-targeted SMN1 augmentation and forskolin treatment paradigm restored SYN1 protein levels within the SMA synaptogliosome, resulting in significant increases in motor neuron synapse formation and function, but did not fully restore PAP-associated proteins levels at the synapse.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>SMA astrocytes demonstrate intrinsic actin-associated defects within filopodia, which correlates with decreased pERM levels at tripartite motor neuron synapses. We also define a SMN- and cAMP-targeted treatment paradigm that significantly increases pre-synaptic neurotransmitter release protein levels to improved SMA motor neuron synapse formation and function.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:fig id=\"ufig1\" position=\"float\" orientation=\"portrait\" fig-type=\"figure\">\n                    <jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"714618v1_ufig1\" position=\"float\" orientation=\"portrait\"\/>\n                  <\/jats:fig>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.26.714618","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T19:30:34Z","timestamp":1774639834000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Astrocyte targeted SMN1 gene therapy and forskolin application improves astrocyte filopodia actin defects and motor neuron synaptic dysfunction in human SMA disease pathology"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Welby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Wojtkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, and CardiOmics Program, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda Berg","family":"Luecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, and CardiOmics Program, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198 USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI, 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9263-833X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebekah. L.","family":"Gundry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, and CardiOmics Program, Center for Heart and Vascular Research, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198 USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, WI, 53226"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing-Song","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9676-8548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allison. 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