{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T21:15:00Z","timestamp":1775942100412,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"group-title":"Oncology","reference-count":62,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>PURPOSE<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Newly-diagnosed glioblastoma (nGBM) is a devastating tumor with median survival of only 14-18 months despite aggressive standard of care (SOC). Dendritic cell (DC) homologous antigenic double-loading provides a powerful pattern-based signal that initiates cDC1-like skewing of monocytic precursors, inducing downstream development of CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    memory effectors. Here we report phase I results for DOC1021 (dubodencel), a novel DC vaccine regimen integrated with SOC.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this dose-escalating study, DC prepared from mobilized peripheral blood were doubly loaded with autologous tumor lysate and amplified tumor mRNA and administered bilaterally near the deep cervical node chains in three biweekly courses given with weekly peg-IFN after conclusion of chemoradiation. Four dose levels from 3.5x10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    to 3.6x10\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    total cells were tested. Patients with subtotal resection or tumor progression prior to vaccination were not excluded.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eighteen patients (median age 61 years (range 47-73), 94% MGMT unmethylated, 25% subtotal\/partial resected) completed vaccination (16 nGBM, 2 recurrent) with no dose-limiting toxicities. Attributable AE were mostly mild and flu-like or injection-site reactions. Twelve-month OS among the newly-diagnosed cohort was 88% compared to an expected \u223c60% for SOC alone. Patients who received observation rather than reoperation in response to worsening MRI contrast-enhancement demonstrated gradual lesional resolution and improved OS. Immunophenotyping revealed post-vaccination elevations in CD4 and CD8 memory T-cells in peripheral blood, and spatial transcriptomic analysis revealed foci of activated inflammatory complexes at the primary tumor site.<\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>\n                <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    DOC1021 was safe, feasibly integrated within SOC, and associated with more favorable outcomes in this challenging patient population. Patients who received observation rather than reoperation for worsening MRI contrast-enhancement exhibited superior survival, suggesting an immune-reactive tumor microenvironment manifesting as pseudo-progression. These data supported initiation of a randomized Phase II trial (\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"clintrialgov\" xlink:href=\"NCT06805305\">NCT06805305<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ) for nGBM.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.28.26349013","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:05:10Z","timestamp":1775174710000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Phase I Clinical Study of DOC1021 (dubodencel) for Adjuvant Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"JF","family":"Georges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Banner University Medical Center Phoenix, Mesa, AZ 85202"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Clay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Interventional Radiology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Goralczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MD Anderson Cancer Center at Cooper"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Mossop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CJ","family":"Bilbao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Valeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Ifrach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Banner University Medical Center Phoenix, Mesa, AZ 85202"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Zaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Banner University Medical Center Phoenix, Mesa, AZ 85202"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Colman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Kohler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"EH","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vivian L. 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