{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"medRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T15:02:55Z","timestamp":1779721375546,"version":"3.53.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"group-title":"Health Informatics","reference-count":43,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Aging","award":["U01AG088076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AG088076"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Aging","award":["R01AG072799"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG072799"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Aging","award":["U24AG088019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24AG088019"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U24MH136069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH136069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Behavioral and social factors (BSFs) substantially influence the risk, onset, and progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias (ADRD), yet BSF-related knowledge remains scattered across heterogeneous sources, posing critical challenges for data harmonization and evidence synthesis. To address this gap, we present the\n                  <jats:bold>B<\/jats:bold>\n                  ehavioral\n                  <jats:bold>S<\/jats:bold>\n                  ocial Data and Knowledge\n                  <jats:bold>O<\/jats:bold>\n                  ntology for\n                  <jats:bold>AD<\/jats:bold>\n                  RD (BSO-AD), a FAIR-compliant semantic resource for representing and harmonizing BSFs and ADRD-related knowledge. BSO-AD was developed following established ontology design principles with reuse of existing ontologies and controlled terminologies, including the Social Determinants of Health Ontology, Drug Repurposing-Oriented Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Ontology, AD-Onto, ICD-9-CM, and ICD-10-CM. Relationships between BSFs and ADRD were derived through literature mining. BSO-AD contains 1,690 classes, 152 object properties, 49 data properties, and 40 annotation properties. Ontology evaluation through Hootation-based domain expert review and a scalable LLM-assisted ontology assessment framework demonstrated high domain coverage and strong semantic coherence. BSO-AD provides a semantic foundation for data harmonization and knowledge integration in BSF-related ADRD research, while the LLM-assisted evaluation framework supports scalable and automated ontology assessment.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.30.26349756","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:13Z","timestamp":1775001613000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["BSO-AD: An Ontology for Representing and Harmonizing Behavioral Social Knowledge in ADRD"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1098-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haifang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avanti","family":"Bhandarkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rakesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isaac H.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiguo","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8865-7717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4267-1924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cui","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026052507051361000_2026.03.30.26349756v2.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643241308448"},{"key":"2026052507051361000_2026.03.30.26349756v2.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12362","article-title":"Population estimate of people with clinical Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment in the United States (2020-2060)","volume":"17","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. 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