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Whether these cortical and nuclear compartments scale proportionally across primates and how their relative expansion influences large-scale brain organization remains unclear. We generated multimodal, high-resolution cross-species 3D cerebellar atlases in marmoset, macaque, and human, integrating iron-sensitive magnetic resonance contrast with complementary histological markers to delineate DCN subdivisions in detail. Comparative volumetric analyses reveal nonuniform scaling of cerebellar cortical-nuclear architecture: cortical expansion markedly outpaces enlargement of the DCN, indicating disproportionate growth of input relative to output structures. This divergence parallels preferential expansion of posterior hemispheric territories, particularly lobules VI-IX and Crus I\/II linked to higher-order association networks, whereas DCN subdivisions show selective rather than uniform scaling. Together, these findings establish nonuniform cortical-nuclear scaling as a systems-level organizational principle that reshapes cerebellar contributions to distributed brain networks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.01.715860","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T06:15:12Z","timestamp":1775283312000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nonuniform scaling of cerebellar cortical-nuclear architecture across primates revealed by cross-species atlases"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4450-9234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kadharbatcha S","family":"Saleem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences (SQITS), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0295-601X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru V","family":"Avram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences (SQITS), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8456-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Glen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4795-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter J","family":"Basser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section on Quantitative Imaging and Tissue Sciences (SQITS), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.044"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.11.008"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125606"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(93)90072-T"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-23-08432.2003"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-02-00700.2001"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-010-0164-y"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01210-8"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.08.056"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(03)00028-9"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp135"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.08.039"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-8644(200102)114:2<163::AID-AJPA1016>3.0.CO;2-F"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2015.00054"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10100495"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.02.026"},{"key":"2026040616000563000_2026.04.01.715860v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. 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