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Circadian rhythms have been implicated in refractive development, but causal evidence is limited. Here, we integrate population-scale human data with an experimental animal model to determine whether circadian misalignment contributes to myopia. In &gt;265,000 individuals from the Estonian and UK Biobanks, late chronotype was consistently associated with myopia. To assess causality, we experimentally disrupted the alignment between behavioural and environmental rhythms in mice by housing them in non-24-hour light-dark schedules. Exposure to a lengthened cycle (T26) induced a myopic shift that was, notably, reversible in early adulthood. Retinal transcriptomics revealed enrichment of mitochondrial and hypoxia-related plasticity pathways, with transcriptional changes distributed across multiple retinal cell classes. Together, these findings identify circadian misalignment as a conserved and modifiable driver of myopia, highlighting opportunities for novel preventive and therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.02.713440","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T22:50:15Z","timestamp":1775515815000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Circadian rhythms regulate refractive development across species"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4258-3294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teele","family":"Palumaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA"},{"name":"Eye Clinic, East Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, 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