{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:41:53Z","timestamp":1785404513474,"version":"3.56.0"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"group-title":"Immunology","reference-count":102,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/about\/FAQ#license"}],"funder":[{"award":["U54CA274509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54CA274509"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["UH3CA257393"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UH3CA257393"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U54AG076043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54AG076043"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U54AG079759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54AG079759"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  Immunosenescence, the age-associated decline in immune function, is a key feature of human aging. In human lymphoid organs, however, the specific immune cell populations that acquire senescence-associated phenotypes during aging and how they influence the surrounding tissue microenvironment remain poorly understood. A spatially resolved map of these senescence-associated immune states in human lymphoid tissues could help clarify their relationship with aging and their potential contributions to the progressive decline of immune function. Here, we integrated single-cell and spatial multi-omics to systematically characterize age-related senescence in human lymph nodes (LNs). Single-cell transcriptomics of lymphoid tissues from donors aged 18 to 100 years old identified 34 immune and stromal cell types and revealed age-associated upregulation of senescence signatures in specific populations. Spatial proteomic profiling of 99 LN sections from 51 donors (18\u201386 years) using high-plex immunofluorescence (\u223c20 million cells) mapped senescence markers (p16, p21, HMGB1,\n                  <jats:italic>\ud835\udefe<\/jats:italic>\n                  -H2AX) at single-cell resolution, revealing diverse senescent-like cell types (\u201csenotypes\u201d) and a stepwise shift from extrafollicular to germinal center (GC) localization with age. Notably, we observed focal clonal-like senescence in GC B cells in older donor LNs. Spatial transcriptomics, epigenomics, and metabolic imaging of selected samples further elucidate the multi-omics signatures and underlying mechanisms of functional impairment, metabolic remodeling, and distinct regulatory programs in senescent-like GC B cells. This study presents a comprehensive spatial atlas of senescence-associated immune states in human lymph nodes, revealing cell-type\u2013specific and spatial heterogeneity that may contribute to immunosenescence and the decline of immune function during aging.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.02.716161","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T08:45:19Z","timestamp":1775465119000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Human Lymph Node Cellular Senescence Atlas Reveals Age-Dependent Alteration in Germinal Center B Cell Function and Niches"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5391-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Negin","family":"Farzad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA"},{"name":"Yale Center for Research on Aging Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-6530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Archibald","family":"Enninful","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA"},{"name":"Yale Center for Research on Aging Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5194-3389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA"},{"name":"Yale Center for Research on Aging Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5370-701X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA"},{"name":"PCMGF Limited. 51 Clarendon Road, Watford, WD17 1HP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1631-7451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA"},{"name":"Yale Center for Research on Aging Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumi","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shu Chien-Gene Lay Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5209-7973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaux","family":"Labrosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RESTORE, Research Center, Team 1 STROMAGICS, Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, EFS, ENVT, Universit\u00e9 P. Sabatier, Toulouse, FR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA"},{"name":"Yale Center for Research on Aging Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9310-4794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Strino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA"},{"name":"PCMGF Limited. 51 Clarendon Road, Watford, WD17 1HP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Molecular Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, 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