{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"institution":[{"name":"bioRxiv"}],"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T20:46:41Z","timestamp":1776286001000,"version":"3.50.1"},"posted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"group-title":"Microbiology","reference-count":69,"publisher":"openRxiv","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                  spp. represents a leading cause of foodborne disease globally. Wild aquatic birds inhabiting ecosystems impacted by human activities may serve as reservoirs and dispersers of\n                  <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                  and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), posing significant public health risks. This study evaluated the prevalence, serovars, resistance genes, and genomic relationships of\n                  <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                  in fecal samples from wild aquatic birds across three high-Andean lakes in Ecuador. Of 134 samples collected from 10 species, five (3.73%) tested positive, all from Yahuarcocha Lake, isolated from\n                  <jats:italic>Fulica ardesiaca<\/jats:italic>\n                  and\n                  <jats:italic>Phalacrocorax brasilianus<\/jats:italic>\n                  . Two serovars were identified:\n                  <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                  Infantis (ST32, n=4) and\n                  <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                  Newport (ST45, n=1). Three\n                  <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                  Infantis isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR), mediated by a pESI-like plasmid carrying resistance genes against beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, fosfomycin, and chloramphenicol. SNP-based phylogenetic analysis revealed low genetic divergence (\u226410 SNPs) between wildlife and poultry-associated isolates, indicating a shared transmission network. These findings support a likely spillover from poultry production systems into wild bird populations, and highlight the role of wild aquatic birds as ecological sentinels and potential disseminators of MDR\n                  <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                  across interconnected human, animal, and environmental systems. These results underscore the need to incorporate human, animal, and environmental health factors within a One Health framework.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.09.717384","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T07:40:25Z","timestamp":1775979625000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic Evidence of Multidrug-Resistant\n                  <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                  in Wild Waterbirds from High-Andean Lakes of Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"given":"Nathaly","family":"Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Estudios de la Vida Silvestre (UNEVIS), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Jer\u00f3nimo Leiton y Gatto Sobral s\/n, 170143, Quito-Ecuador"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical, Health and Life Sciences, International University of Ecuador, 170411 Quito, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Vinueza-Burgos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Jer\u00f3nimo Leiton y Gatto Sobral s\/n, 170143, Quito-Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Medina-Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Jer\u00f3nimo Leiton y Gatto Sobral s\/n, 170143, Quito-Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda L.","family":"Ishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Laboratory, New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, Albany, NY, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Sauders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Food Laboratory, New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, Albany, NY, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deysi","family":"Anchatu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Estudios de la Vida Silvestre (UNEVIS), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Jer\u00f3nimo Leiton y Gatto Sobral s\/n, 170143, Quito-Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6015-5336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nivia","family":"Luzuriaga-Neira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Estudios de la Vida Silvestre (UNEVIS), Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Jer\u00f3nimo Leiton y Gatto Sobral s\/n, 170143, Quito-Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"54368","reference":[{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1203.050854"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montone AMI , Cutarelli A , Peruzy MF , La Tela I , Brunetti R , Pirofalo MG , et al. Antimicrobial Resistance and Genomic Characterization of Salmonella Infantis from Different Sources. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065492"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.3","first-page":"e06406","article-title":"Control EC for DP and. The European Union One Health 2019 Zoonoses Report","volume":"19","year":"2021","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco G , D\u00edaz de Tuesta JA. Seasonal and spatial occurrence of zoonotic Salmonella serotypes in griffon vultures at farmland environments: Implications in pathogen pollution and ecosystem services and disservices. Sci Total Environ. 2021;758:143681.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.143681"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.4.2089-2097.2004"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrera Navarro MV. Detecci\u00f3n de Salmonella enterica en aves silvestres acu\u00e1ticas e identificaci\u00f3n de genes asociados a virulencia. Universidad de Chile; 2013.","DOI":"10.5354\/0716-260X.2012.25993"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872011001100017","article-title":"Detecci\u00f3n de especies de Salmonella y Mycobacterium en gaviotas dominicanas (Larus dominicanus) y gaviotas de franklin (Leucophaeus pipixcan) en la ciudad de talcahuano, Chile","volume":"139","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Med Chil"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonnedahl J , J\u00e4rhult JD . Antibiotic resistance in wild birds. Ups. J. Med. Sci. 2014. p. 113\u20136.","DOI":"10.3109\/03009734.2014.905663"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.9","first-page":"2","article-title":"Eurasian griffon vultures carry widespread antimicrobial resistant Salmonella and Campylobacter of public health concern","volume":"844","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1593036"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009451","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009451","article-title":"Pathoadaptation of the passerine-associated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium lineage to the avian host","volume":"17","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Characteristics of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Wild Birds Confiscated in Illegal Trade Markets, Rio de Janeiro","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brazil. Biomed Res Int [Internet"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.13","first-page":"27","article-title":"Determinaci\u00f3n de Salmonella spp. y endopar\u00e1sitos en zanates, Quiscalus mexicanus, del parque de Ca\u00f1as","volume":"16","year":"2007","journal-title":"Guanacaste. Rev costarric salud p\u00fablica"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.08.015","article-title":"Salmonella in the wildlife-human interface","volume":"45","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mackenzie JS , Jeggo M , Daszak P , Richt JA . Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology One Health: The Human \u2013 Animal \u2013 Environment Interfaces in Emerging Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2013. Available from: https:\/\/link.springer.com\/book\/10.1007\/978-3-642-35846-3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-36889-9"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2009.00058.x"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muangnapoh C , Tamboon E , Supha N , Toyting J , Chitrak A , Kitkumthorn N , et al. Multilocus Sequence Typing and Virulence Potential of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains Isolated from Aquatic Bird Feces. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10.","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00886-22"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Becker DJ , Teitelbaum CS , Murray MH , Curry SE , Welch CN , Ellison T , et al. Assessing the contributions of intraspecific and environmental sources of infection in urban wildlife: Salmonella enterica and white ibis as a case study. J R Soc Interface. 2018;15.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2018.0654"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.19","unstructured":"The Center for food security and Public Healt C. Salmonelosis no tifoidea. 2006;1\u20138. Available from: http:\/\/www.cfsph.iastate.edu\/Factsheets\/es\/salmonelosis.pdf"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.20","first-page":"151","article-title":"Salmonelosis no tifoidea y su transmisi\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s de alimentos de origen aviar","volume":"37","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colomb Med"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.21","unstructured":"Chambers S a. Birds as Environmental Indicators Review of Literature. Park Victoria Tech Ser. 2008;48."},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16807","article-title":"Habitat fragmentation matters more than habitat loss: The case of host-parasite interactions","volume":"32","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.23","first-page":"1","article-title":"New records of helminth parasites of nine species of waterfowl in Mexico, and a checklist of the helminth fauna of Anatidae occurring in Mexican wetlands","volume":"94","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Helminthol [Internet"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2012.11.007","article-title":"Avian wildlife as sentinels of ecosystem health","volume":"36","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit355"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu J , Huang Y , Rao D , Zhang Y , Yang K . Evidence for environmental dissemination of antibiotic resistance mediated by wild birds. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:745.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00745"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guevara EA , Santander G. T , Espinosa R , Graham CH . Aquatic bird communities in Andean lakes of Ecuador are increasingly dissimilar over time. Ecol Indic [Internet]. 2021;121:107044. Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1470160X20309833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107044"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.15381\/rivep.v30i3.16591","article-title":"Detecci\u00f3n de anticuerpos s\u00e9ricos de influenza aviar tipo A, enfermedad de Newcastle y bronquitis infecciosa y laringotraqueitis infecciosa en aves acu\u00e1ticas silvestres de tres lagunas andinas del Ecuador","volume":"30","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Investig Vet del Per\u00fa [Internet"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-018-6639-x"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.30","unstructured":"Canadian Council on Animal Care. Guidelines On: The Care and Use of Farm Animals in Research, Teaching and Testing. [Internet]. Ottawa, Canada; 2009 [cited 2018 Nov 10]. Available from: https:\/\/ccac.ca\/"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.31","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. CLSI supplement M100. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Clin. Lab. Stand. Inst. USA; 2023. p. 282."},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medina-Santana JL , Ortega-Paredes D , de Janon S , Burnett E , Ishida M , Sauders B , et al. Investigating the dynamics of Salmonella contamination in integrated poultry companies using a whole genome sequencing approach. Poult Sci. 2022;101.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101611"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achtman M , Zhou Z , Alikhan N-F , Tyne W , Parkhill J , Cormican M , et al. Genomic diversity of Salmonella enterica - The UoWUCC 10K genomes project. Wellcome open Res. 2020;5:223.","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.16291.1"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007406"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.35","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (versi\u00f3n 4.4.3, \u201cTrophy Case\u201d) [Internet]. Fehske H, Schneider R, Wei\u00dfe A, editors. R Found. Stat. Comput. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr521"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn129"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/NAR\/GKAB301"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks261"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldgarden M , Brover V , Gonzalez-Escalona N , Frye JG , Haendiges J , Haft DH , et al. AMRFinderPlus and the Reference Gene Catalog facilitate examination of the genomic links among antimicrobial resistance, stress response, and virulence. Sci Rep. 2021;11:12728.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91456-0"},{"issue":"44","key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.41","first-page":"D694","article-title":": Hierarchical and refined dataset for big data analysis - 10 years on","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res [Internet"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.42","unstructured":"Seemann T. ABRicate: Mass screening of contigs for antimicrobial and virulence genes [Internet]. GitHub; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/github.com\/tseemann\/abricate"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwengers O , Barth P , Falgenhauer L , Hain T , Chakraborty T , Goesmann A . Platon: identification and characterization of bacterial plasmid contigs in short-read draft assemblies exploiting protein sequence-based replicon distribution scores. Microb Genomics [Internet]. 2020;6. Available from: https:\/\/www.microbiologyresearch.org\/content\/journal\/mgen\/10.1099\/mgen.0.000398","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000398"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1290"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u0142awi\u0144ska-Czarnak J , W\u00f3dz K , Piechowicz L , Tokarska-Pietrzak E , Be\u0142kot Z , Bogdan J , et al. Wild Duck (Anas platyrhynchos) as a Source of Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae O58\u2014The First Report in Poland. Antibiotics. 2022;11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040530"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.21-0108","article-title":"Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo hanedae) in japan","volume":"83","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-02-038","article-title":"Detection of Zoonotic Pathogens in Wild Birds in the Cross-Border Region Austria \u2013 Czech Republic","volume":"52","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis [Internet"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.7589\/2016-12-272","article-title":"Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant enterobacteriaceae in enteric microflora of wild ducks","volume":"53","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmberg J , Berg C , Lerner H , Waldenstr\u00f6m J , Hessel R . Potential disease transmission from wild geese and swans to livestock, poultry and humans: a review of the scientific literature from a One Health perspective. Infect Ecol Epidemiol [Internet]. 2017;7:1300450. Available from: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/20008686.2017.1300450","DOI":"10.1080\/20008686.2017.1300450"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos NA , Morales-Cauti S , Navarro OA , Eslava CC. Detecci\u00f3n de Salmonella Javiana en tortugas taricaya (Podocnemis unifilis) en dos parques zool\u00f3gicos del Per\u00fa. Rev. Investig. Vet. del Per\u00fa. scielo; 2020.","DOI":"10.15381\/rivep.v31i1.17554"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.51","first-page":"277","article-title":"Prevalence of Salmonella strains in wild animals from a highly populated area of north-eastern Italy","volume":"52","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.15381\/rivep.v30i1.15698","article-title":"Salmonella spp en aves silvestres que habitan alrededor de una granja de cuyes tecnificada en el distrito de Manchay","volume":"30","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lima. Rev Investig Vet del Per\u00fa [Internet"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daoust P , Prescott JF. Salmonellosis In. Thomas, N.J., Hunter, D.B., Atkinson CT, editor. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2007.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344668.ch13"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.7589\/2019-08-198","article-title":"Salmonella in raptors and aquatic wild birds in Chile","volume":"56","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz235","article-title":"Differences in the expression of SPI-1 genes pathogenicity and epidemiology between the emerging Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis and the model Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium","volume":"220","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2023.0060","article-title":"Evaluation of Virulence of Salmonella Infantis and Salmonella Enteritidis with In Vitro and In Vivo Models","volume":"20","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Z , Moreno-Switt AI , Reyes-Jara A , Suarez ED , Adell AD , Oliveira CJB , et al. A multicenter genomic epidemiological investigation in Brazil, Chile, and Mexico reveals the diversity and persistence of Salmonella populations in surface waters. Diez-Gonzalez F, editor. MBio [Internet]. 2024;15. Available from: https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/mbio.00777-24","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00777-24"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mej\u00eda L , Medina JL , Bayas R , Salazar CS , Villavicencio F , Zapata S , et al. Genomic Epidemiology of Salmonella Infantis in Ecuador: From Poultry Farms to Human Infections. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.547891"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stedt J , Bonnedahl J , Hernandez J , Waldenstrom J , McMahon BJ , Tolf C , et al. Carriage of CTX-M type extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in gulls across Europe. Acta Vet Scand [Internet]. 2015;57:74. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/26526188","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0166-3"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Melo ANF , Monte DFM , de Souza Pedrosa GT , Balkey M , Jin Q , Brown E , et al. Genomic investigation of antimicrobial resistance determinants and virulence factors in Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from contaminated food and human stool samples in Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol. 2021;343:109091.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109091"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960401.x"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peruzy MF , Capuano F , Th Y , Proroga R , Cristiano D , Carullo MR , et al. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Food Samples: Five-Year. 2020;","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070365"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.63","unstructured":"Carlet DJ. AMR Control 2015: Overcoming Global Antimicrobial Resistance [Internet]. Amr Control 2015. 2015. Available from: http:\/\/www.globalhealthdynamics.co.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/AMR2015-June-3.pdf#page=19"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.210-221","article-title":"Antimicrobial uses for livestock production in developing countries","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krawiec M , Kuczkowski M , Kruszewicz AG , Wieliczko A . Prevalence and genetic characteristics of Salmonella in free-living birds in Poland. BMC Vet Res [Internet]. 2015;11:15. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4316766\/","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0332-x"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261444"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evaa036"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.68","unstructured":"Saelens P. Ecological functioning of a eutrophic, high-altitute shallow lake in Ecuador, Laguna Yahuarcocha [Internet]. K.U. Leuven, Kulak. Leuven, Kulak; 2015. Available from: http:\/\/scriptiebank.be\/sites\/default\/files\/webform\/scriptie\/PaulineSaelensTHESIS_0.pdf"},{"key":"2026041512550734000_2026.04.09.717384v1.69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wigley P . Salmonella and Salmonellosis in Wild Birds. Animals. 2024;14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14233533"}],"container-title":[],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.04.09.717384","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T19:55:18Z","timestamp":1776282918000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/biorxiv.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.64898\/2026.04.09.717384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"references-count":69,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.04.09.717384","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"subtype":"preprint"}}