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However, the conservation and potential for antigenic drift in the lateral patch remain unresolved. Here, we used lateral patch-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to understand the antigenicity of the lateral patch of human, avian, and swine H1N\n                  <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                  viruses spanning from 1918 to 2022. We identified discrete mutations that evaded lateral patch-targeting mAbs in pre- and post-2009 H1N1 viruses, leading to genetic differences in lateral patch-targeting antibodies in individuals across birth years. We observed that the lateral patch remains well conserved across zoonotic sources, suggesting existing lateral patch antibodies could protect against a future H1N\n                  <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                  pandemic. Together, these data support that lateral patch antigenic drift has shaped the human B cell repertoire against influenza viruses and that the lateral patch remains an attractive target for pandemic preparedness.\n                <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.04.16.718966","type":"posted-content","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T05:55:10Z","timestamp":1776491710000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Convergent antigenic drift of the influenza hemagglutinin lateral patch across time and species"],"prefix":"10.64898","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1514-4239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan I.","family":"Lemus-Reyes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of 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